Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Human Factors |
- enhance PERFORMANCE -increase SAFETY - increase SATISFACTION |
|
|
Enabling technology? |
help us do things we can never do before ( computer) |
|
|
Software design technology? |
UNDERSTAND, DESIGN, EVALUATE 1) involving users throughout the development lifecycle 2) use of guidelines and principles in design 3) iterative usability testing ( test it out) |
|
|
understand? |
- understand the user and task - rule of thumb: greater functionality leads to greater complexity - designers must think carefully |
|
|
Evaluate? |
usability heuristics formal usability tests and metrics |
|
|
Heuristic evaluation? |
- a rule of thumb - we use HE: to evaluate designs because they are cost and time effective,easy to do and can identify many issues |
|
|
Three user factors? |
1) frequency of task performance 2) mandatory VS discretionary use 3) knowledge level of the user |
|
|
GOMS: goal, operator, method and selection rules |
- a mathematical model of how long each action takes a user, likelihood, and costs of mistakes, add all up to decide how efficient a design is - evaluation method provides a framework for thinking about a task but doesn't provide insight into the design itself |
|
|
Basic research method: |
development of theory that generalizes over a wide range of principles, tasks and settings |
|
|
Applied research method: |
the development of theory, principles and findings that is SPECIFIC with a particular population, tasks, product, and environment |
|
|
Conducting an experiment: 1) define problem and hypothesis: |
- independent: controlled by researcher -dependent: measure by the researcher |
|
|
Conducting an experiment: 2) specify the experiment plan: |
- two group design: one control group and an experimental group - multiple group design: one control group and multiple experimental groups -Factorial design: multiple independent groups - between subjects: design participants are involved with only a single part of the study - Within subjects: design participants are involved with more than one part of the study |
|
|
Conducting an experiment: 3) conduct the plan: |
- ethics approval - recruit participants - conduct the study |
|
|
Conducting an experiment: 4) data analysis: |
- Basic idea: compare averages between different groups in the study -> two group design: T test -> other designs: analysis of variance ( ANOVA) |
|
|
Conducting an experiment: 5) interpreting results: |
Look at the statistical tests. P value is <.05 - type 1 error: making chance occurrence for a real effect - type 2 error: not finding an effect that is actually there |
|
|
Requirements gathering |
want to understand, the user, task, environment before you start designing a technology - helpful to understand where things may have gone wrong after a design is in place |
|
|
User analysis? |
- capture board description of users - Avoid sampling BIAS: if you only use sampling bias, you may exclude potential users. |
|
|
Stakeholder |
someone who will use or benefit from the system |
|
|
primary stakeholder |
someone who directly uses it |
|
|
Secondary stakeholder |
someone who barely uses it or works with people who do |
|
|
Teritary stakeholder |
someone who does not directly uses it but can benefit from it some way |
|
|
persona |
a hypothetical person developed through interviews or observations of real people. |
|
|
function and task |
break a task down into steps and create a table that connects those steps together piece by piece to complete the task |
|
|
FUNCTION ALLOCATION |
the process of deciding which functions are performed manually or by human operators and which are performed automatically by the system |
|
|
COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS |
concerned with mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system |
|
|
vision properties |
- color: red, green, blue composition of a colour - Luminance: light energy of the source - Saturation: intensity of a colour, how much it differs from white |
|
|
BOTTOM UP |
physical phenomenon of vision |
|
|
TOP DOWN |
brain can also influence how we see things |
|
|
VISUAL SEARCH TASK |
when a person searched a visual field for target - non targets: distractors |
|
|
Signal detection theory |
a task in which someone's job is to separate a SIGNAL from a NOISE - hits and correct rejections are desirable outcomes -miss and false alarms are undesireable |
|
|
SENSITIVITY( BOTTOM UP) |
number of good outcomes relative to the total - improves with practice |
|
|
RESPONSE BIAS ( TOP DOWN) |
The bias of the operator to respond yes or no |
|
|
sound |
vision is focused on a small visual field that is processed in parallel by the brain - omnidirectional but processes serially |
|
|
ALARMS |
1) must be heard above ambient noise 2) should not be above danger level of hearing 3) should not be startling 4) should not interrupt perceptual understanding of other signals 5) should be informative |
|
|
Hearing loss |
- 5 rules reflect task and environment analysis - consider users. |
|
|
ATTENTION |
- SELECTIVE ATTENTION: capacity to respond to certain stimuli selectively when several occur at once -DIVIDED ATTENTION: is the ability to perform more than one task at one while attending to another ( multitasking) |
|
|
Perception |
three process happens: - bottom up free analysis - unitization ( gathering all information and clumping them together as groups), top down |
|
|
design for attention |
- Bottom up processing: avoid similarity - automaticity and unitization: use familiar fonts and icons -top down: use smaller vocabulary |
|
|
WORKING MEMORY |
limited to holding a small amount of information that may be rehearsed -> capacity, time, confusability, attention |
|
|
LONG TERM MEMORY |
involves storage of information after it is a no longer active in working memory |
|
|
SAFETY |
- injury causing situations - accidents resulting from acute conditions |
|
|
safety legislation |
-> 1800s: public accepted accidents and cared a little about the workers -> 1900s: workers compensation laws were introduced -> 1960-70s: occupational safety and health act |
|
|
contributing factors to safety |
- employee characteristics - job characteristics - equipment and tools - physical environment - social environment |
|
|
job characteristics |
- equipment - controls and displays - electrical hazards - mechanical hazards: cuts to strains - pressure and toxic substance hazards |
|
|
physical environment |
- illumination -noise and vibration -temperature -fire hazards -falls - exits and emergency evaluation |
|
|
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: COMMISSION |
describes an operator who did something that should have not be done |
|
|
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: OMMISSION |
describes someone who fails to do something that should not have to be done |
|
|
normative methods |
assume we work like a computer - assign values to each possibility, add them up and choose whichever one gives the best result |
|
|
Bias is receiving and using cues |
- attention to a limited number of cues - CUE PRIMACY AND ANCHORING - inattention to later cues - cue salience - overweighting of unreliable cues |
|
|
Bias in hypothesis generation, evaluation, selection |
- limited number of hypotheses: limited attention - availability heuristics -representativeness heuristic - overconfidence - cognitive tunneling - confirmation bias |
|
|
bias in action selection |
- retrieve a small number of actions - availability heuristic for actions - availability of possible outcomes - framing bias |
|
|
improving decision-making |
- task redesign - decision matrices and trees - spreadsheets -simulation: complex decision - expert sytem: checklist walking through the steps - displays: alerting displays, monitoring |
|
|
CONTROL -> RESPONSE SELECTION |
- DECISION COMPLEXITY - response expectancy - compatibility - speed- accuracy trade off - FEEDBACK |
|
|
DECISION COMPLEXITY -> HICH HYMAN LAW |
-> the law of reaction time states that the speed with which an action can be selected is influenced by the number of possible alternative = more efficient to ask a user to make a small number of complex decisions than a large number of simple decisions |
|
|
Feedback |
- is an indication that a users interactions have been received by a computer systems |
|
|
FITTS LAW |
-> law says that the time it takes you to point at something depends on the distance you need to move and size the target |
|
|
voice input |
-> benefits: easy to select one option from many -> disadvantages: confusion, limited vocabulary size |
|
|
ANTHROPOMETRIC |
-> human measurement -> concerned with physical sizes and shapes of humans = differences among different populations |
|
|
factors of anthropometric |
- age -sex -racial and ethnic groups - occupational - generational - transient diurnal ( body weight) |
|
|
principles of workspace designs |
- CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS - REACH REQUIREMENTS - special requirements for maintenance - adjustability - VISIBILITY ARRANGEMENT AND COMPONENT ARRANGEMENT |
|
|
use of anthropometric data in design |
1) determine the user population 2) determine the relevant body dimensions 3) determine the percentage of the population 4) determine the percentile value for dimensions 5) make necessary design modifications to the data 6) use mock-ups or simulators to test the design |
|
|
OCCUPATIONAL BIOMECHANICS |
science concerned with the mechanical behaviour of the musculoskeletal system and component tissues when physical work is performed |
|
|
AUTOMATION |
the circumstances when a machine assumes a task that is operated by a human |
|
|
why automate? |
- impossible or hazardous tasks -> impossible for humans to operate - difficult or unpleasant task ->huamns carry functions poorly. effective in monitoring - extend human capability - technically possible |
|
|
levels of automation |
- information acquisition, selection, and filtering -> automation replaces many cognitive processes of human selective attention ( warning systems, highlighting words( - information integration ->replaces many cognitive processes of perception and working memory - action and selection choice -> diagnosis is different from choice. and sensitive is different from response - control and action acquisition |
|
|
Reliability and trust |
- unreliable in certain situations: component may fail - incorrectly setup: dumb and dutiful -unsuspected reactions: imperfections |
|
|
overtrust and complacency |
- MISTRUST occurs when trust is not directly related to reliability distrust: type of mistrust where the person fail to trust the automation - can be either distrusting or over trusting |
|
|
FITTS LIST |
- keeping human informed -keeping human trained - keeping operator in the loop - selecting appropriate stages and levels when automation is imperfect - making automation flexible and adaptive - maintaining a positive management philosophy |
|
|
thirteen principles of display deign |
Perceptual: |
|
|
CSCW: COMPUTER SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE WORK |
the process of using computers to support group or team activity is termed CSCW and the software that supports such activity is called GROUPWARE |
|
|
GROUP |
aggregation of people who work together but have limited role differentiation
|
|
|
TEAM |
a small number of people with complementary skills and specific roles who interact toward a common purposes |
