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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two triangular regions can the anterior and lateral sides of the neck be divided into? |
the anterior triangle and the posterior triangle
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what are the borders of the anterior triangle? what are some structures within it (5)?
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the sternocleidomastoid, the base of the mandible and the trachea the hyoid bone, thyroid gland, carotid artery, submandibular gland and styloid process of the temporal bone |
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what are the borders of the posterior triangle? what are some structures within it (2)?
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the sternocleidomastoid, clavicle and trapezius the brachial plexus and external jugular vein |
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The skull is composed of how many bones?
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22 (8 in cranium and 14 in facial region)
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what are the 8 cranial bones?
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frontal temporal (2) parietal (2) sphenoid occiput ethmoid |
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what are the 14 facial bones?
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lacrimal (2) mandible maxilla (2) nasal (2) palatine (2) vomer zygomatic (2) inferior nasal concha (2) |
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which cranial bone is only accessible by way of the nasal cavity?
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ethmoid
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what are the sutures of the skull?
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sagittal suture (between parietals) lamboid suture (between occiput and parietals) coronal suture (between frontal and parietals) |
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What are the bony landmarks of the occiput?
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external occipital protuberance superior nuchal lines inferior nuchal lines foramen magnum |
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What are the bony landmarks of the temporal bone?
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mastoid process styloid process zygomatic arch |
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what bone is shaped like a butterfly?
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sphenoid (and it's lateral portions are called the greater wings)
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What bone is better known as the cheekbone?
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zygomatic (forms the anterior aspect of the zygomatic arch and the lateral portion of the orbit of the eye)
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What bone forms the center of the face?
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maxilla
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What are the bony landmarks of the mandible (7)?
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body base (jawline) submandibular fossa angle ramus coronoid process (an inch anterior to condyle) condyle (located just anterior to ear canal) (neck, pterygoid fossa, head) |
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What bone is called the jaw?
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mandible
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The mandible articulates with the cranium in _____ joints that are called the ______ joints.
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two temporomandibular joints (note: has joint capsule) |
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What is the most frequently used joint in the body?
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temporomandibular joint (moving 2,000-3,000 times a day)
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In the TMJ, what is shaped like a lifesaver and lies on top of the mandible's condyle to help create congruity between joint surfaces?
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articular disc of the temporomandibular joint
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What are the ligaments of the temporomandibular joints?
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lateral temporomandibular ligament sphenomandibular ligament stylomandibular ligament |
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What are the cartilaginous structures of the anterior neck?
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trachea (windpipe) cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage (adams apple) hyoid bone (horse-shoe shaped) |
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what are the landmarks of the hyoid bone (3)?
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greater horn body lesser horn |
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The head and face contain how many muscles?
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over 30 pairs of muscles
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what is the single smallest muscle in the human body?
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the stapedius muscle, located in the middle ear (thinner than a US dime)
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Sternocleidomastoid A O I N |
A- Unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, Bilaterally: flex the neck, assist to elevate the ribcage during inhalation. O- Sternal head: top of manubrium, clavicular head: medial 1/3 of the clavicle I- mastoid process of temporal bone and the lateral portion of superior nuchal line of occiput N- spinal accessory (XI) nerve, c2, c3 |
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When do you use your sternocleidomastoid?
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shaking your head "no" (opposite side rotation) shaking your head "yes" (bilateral flexion) stabilizing the head while riding a roller coaster cocking your head to hear what someone is saying |
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Scalenes: Anerior Scalene A O I N |
A- Unilaterally: w/the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate head and neck to the opposite side, Bilaterally: elevate the ribs during inhalation, flex the head and neck (anterior) O- transverse processes of 3rd through 6th cervical vertebrae (anterior tubercles) I- first rib N- C3, C4-C8 |
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Scalenes: Middle scalene A O I N |
A- Unilaterally: w/the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate head and neck to the opposite side, Bilaterally: elevate the ribs during inhalation, flex the head and neck (anterior) O- transverse processes of 2nd through 7th cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles) I- first rib N- C3, C4-C8 |
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Scalenes: Posterior Scalene A O I N |
A- Unilaterally: w/the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate head and neck to the opposite side, Bilaterally: elevate the ribs during inhalation, flex the head and neck (anterior) O- transverse processes of 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles) I- second rib N- C3, C4-C8 |
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When do you use your scalenes?
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taking a deep breath into the upper chest holding a phone between your ear and shoulder stabilizing your head when reading in a reclined position |
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Masseter A O I N |
A- elevate the mandible (temporomandibular joint), may assist to protract the mandible (TM joint) O- zygomatic arch I- angle and ramus of mandible N- trigeminal (V) nerve (mandibular division) |
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What is the primary chewing muscle?
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the masseter
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what do you use the masseter for? |
taking, gabbing, chin wagging, "chewing the fat" chomping down on a wad of gum gnashing your teeth together during an argument |
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How many bellies does the masseter have?
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2 (overlapping bellies)
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Temporalis A O I N |
A- elevate the mandible (temporomandibular joint), retract the mandible (TM joint) O- temporal fossa and fascia I- coronoid process and anterior edge of ramus of the mandible N- trigeminal (V) nerve (mandibular division) |
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When do you use your temporalis?
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ripping off a piece of beef jerky chewing that beef jerky grinding your teeth while you sleep, dreaming about beef jerky |
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the broad aspect of the temporalis attaches to what bones (3)?
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frontal, temporal and parietal
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What are the 3 suprahyoid muscles?
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geniohyoid, mylohyoid and stylohyoid
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what muscles form a wall of muscle along the underside of the jaw?
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the suprahyoid muscles (geniohyoid, mylohyoid and stylohyoid)
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Suprahyoids: geniohyoid A O I N |
A- elevate hyoid and tongue, depress mandible (temporomandibular joint) O- underside of mandible I- hyoid bone N- C1, C2 |
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Suprahyoids: mylohyoid A O I N |
A- elevate hyoid and tongue, depress mandible (temporomandibular joint) O- underside of mandible I- hyoid bone N- Trigeminal (V) |
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Suprahyoids: Stylohyoid A O I N |
A- elevate hyoid and tongue, depress mandible (temporomandibular joint) O- styloid process I- hyoid bone N- Facial (VII) |
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Digastric A O I N |
A- w/ hyoid bone fixed, depress the mandible (TMJ), w/ mandible fixed, elevate the hyoid bone, retract the mandible (TMJ) O- mastoid process (deep to sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis) I- inferior border of the mandible N- anterior belly=Trigeminal (V), posterior belly=facial (VII) |
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What do you use the suprahyoids and digastric for?
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chewing, swallowing, sucking on a straw singing and speaking, since their actions affect the position of the larnyx |
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how many bellies does the digastric muscle have?
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two (anterior and posterior)
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how many infrahyoid muscles are there and where are the infrahyoids located?
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4 anterior neck, superficial to the trachea (note: they are antagonists to the suprahyoids) |
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what are the 4 infrahyoids?
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sternohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid omohyoid |
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Infrahyoids: Sternohyoid A O I N |
A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage O- top of manubrium I- hyoid bone N- C1, C2, C3 |
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Infrahyoids: Sternothyroid A O I N |
A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage O- top of manubrium I- thyroid cartilage N- C1, C2, C3 |
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Infrahyoids: thyrohyoid A O I N |
A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage O-thyroid cartilage I- hyoid bone N- C1, C2 |
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Infrahyoids: omohyoid A O I N |
A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage O- superior border of the scapula I- hyoid bone N- C1, C2, C3 |
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what is, perhaps, the most bizarre muscle in the body and why/
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the omohyoid; it has a skinny, ribbonlike belly running from the hyoid bone, passing underneath the SCM and scalenes, to the scapula. aside from depressing the hyoid, the omohyoid tightens the fascia of the neck and dilates the internal jugular vein.
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When do you use the infrahyoids?
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drinking and swallowing speaking (through their opposing action with the suprahyoids) tightening the tissue of the anterior neck when threatened |
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Platysma A O I N |
A- assist to depress the mandible, tighten the fascia of the neck, draw down corner of the mouth O- fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major I- base of mandible, skin of lower part of face N- facial (VII) |
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What muscles are integumentary and what does that mean?
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platysma and facial muscles; meaning instead of connecting to bones, these muscles are embedded in the superficial fascia and attache to the skin and overlying muscle.
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When do you use your platysma?
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frowning or pouting saying "ahhhh" at the dentist office forming an unequivocal expression of terror |
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What is the occipitofrontalis muscle primarily responsible for/
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raising the forehead into an expression of surprise
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how many bellies does the occipitofrontalis muscle have?
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4 (2 frontalis bellies on the forehead and 2 occipitalis bellies located on the back of the head)
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what joins the four bellies of the occipitofrontalis?
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the galea aponeurotica; a broad sheath of connective tissue stretching across the top of the cranium.
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occipitofrontalis: frontalis A O I N |
A- raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead O- galea aponeurotica I- skin superior to eyebrows N- Facial (VII) |
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occipitofrontalis occipitalis A O I N |
A- anchor and retract the galea posteriorly O- galea aponeurotica I- superior nuchal line of the occiput N- Facial (VII) |
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medial pterygoid A O I N |
A- unilaterally: laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side, bilaterally: elevate the mandible, protract the mandible O- medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and tuberosity of maxilla I- medial surface of ramus of the mandible N- trigeminal (V) |
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lateral pterygoid A O I N |
A- unilaterally: laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side, bilaterally: protract the mandible O- superior head=infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone, inferior head=lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone I- articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint, neck of mandible N- trigeminal (V) |
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what do the medial and lateral pterygoids do?
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assist the masseter and temporalis with movement of the mandible.
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Longus Capitis A O I N |
A- unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to same side, rotate the head and neck to same side, bilaterally: flex the head and neck O- transverse processes of c3-c6 I- inferior surface of occiput N- C1,c2,c3,c4 |
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Longus Colli A O I N |
A- unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to same side, rotate the head and neck to same side, bilaterally: flex the head and neck O- bodies of C-3 through T-3, transverse processes of C-3 through C-5 I- tubercle on anterior arch of the atlas, bodies of the axis, c-3 and C-4, transverse processes of C-5 and C-6 N- C2-C6, C7 |
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what are the two muscle groups that coordinate the tongue?
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glossus muscles and intrinsic muslces
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How many muscles are responsible for facial expressions? |
30
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unlike skeletal muscle that connects to bone, many of the muscles of facial expression are __________.
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integumentary (are embedded in the superficial fascia and attach to the skin and overlying muscle)
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The facial muscles are also _______, because they express emotion.
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mimetic
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Muscles of facial expression: What are the muscles of the mouth? (11) (10 are bilateral) |
Buccinator Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO) Depressor Labii Inferioris (DLI) Levator anguli oris (LAO) levator labii superioris (LLS) mentalis orbicularis oris platysma risorius zygomaticus major zygomaticus minor |
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Muscles of facial expression: what are the muscles of the nasal region? (3) |
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi nasalis procerus |
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Muscles of facial expression: what are the muscles of the eyes? (2) |
corrugator supercilii orbicularis oculi |
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muscles of facial expression: what are the muscles of the scalp? (5) |
occipitofrontalis (frontalis and occipitalis) auricularis muscles (anterior, superior, posterior) |
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where is the buccinator and what does it do?
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located at the center of the cheeks, tightens corner of the lip and presses the cheek firmly against the teeth. blow a trumpet, suck a straw, assist in mastication |
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where is the depressor anguli oris and what does it do?
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corners of mouth, pulls the corner of mouth inferiorly and laterally forms an inverted "clown smile", frown |
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Where is the depressor labii inferioris and what does it do?
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located just medial to the depressor anguli oris, the depressor labii inferioris depresses the corner of the mouth while protruding and drawing the lower lip laterally. bares the lower teeth, mock anger, display determination |
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Where is the levator anguli oris and what does it do?
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arises off the corner of the mouth and lateral to the levator labii superioris. (lines up with center of eye) bilateral contraction will assist in smiling. unilaterally will elevate the corner of mouth (self-confidence or smirk) |
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where is the levator labii superioris and what does it do?
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medial to the levator anguli oris bilateral contraction will elevate and protrude the upper lip unilateral will produce Elvis-like lip curl |
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where is the mentalis and what does it do?
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the chin's most medial muscle, located just off the centerline of the chin bilateral contraction will elevate the skin of the chin and protrude the lower lip (pout) |
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where is the orbicularis oris and what does it do?
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it encircles the mouth (it is a sphincter muscle) it is responsible for closing the mouth and shaping the lips during speech and eating. |
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where is the platysma and what does it do?
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spans the anterior neck from the fascia of the superior part of the pectoralis major to the base of the mandible It assists in depressing the jaw, drawing down the corners of the mouth and tightening the fascia of the neck. "creature from the black lagoon" expression |
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How many primary facial expressions are there?
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7 anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise |
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Where is the risorius and what does it do?
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corner of the mouth, in line with earlobe retracts the corner of the mouth laterally and forms insincere-looking smile |
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where is the zygomaticus major and what does it do?
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located from corner of the mouth and the apex of the cheekbone draws the corner of the mouth upward and laterally. bilaterally, displays the upper row of teeth. joy, pleasure, laughter |
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where is the zygomaticus minor and what does it do?
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corner of the mouth in line with corner of eye, medial to the zygomaticus major. elevates and protrudes the upper lip |
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What are the muscles of the nasal region? (3)
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Levator labii superioris Alaeque nasi nasalis procerus |
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Where is the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and what does it do?
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vertical strip along the side of the nose that elevates the nasal ala (flaring the nostril)
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Where is the nasalis and what does it do?
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made of two parts (transverse and alar) transverse portion located on side of nose, constricts the nostril and draws down the tip of the nose. alar portion wraps around the nasal ala and flares the nostril during forced respiration. |
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Where is the procerus and what does it do?
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triangular muscle located on the forehead and wrinkles up the skin of the nose (like when sneezing) and draws down the skin between the eyebrows
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What are the muscles of the eyes for facial expression? (2)
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corrugator supercilii orbicularis oculi |
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Where is the corrugator supercilii and what does it do?
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beneath the medial portion of the eyebrow, it draws the eyebrow medially and inferiorly. bilateral contraction can form vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows.
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where is the orbicularis oculi and what does it do?
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the sphincter muscle encircles the eye and is responsible for closing the eyelid. (the thicker outer fibers form the orbital part and squeeze the eyelid together. the inner fibers, the palpebral part, involuntarily close the eyelid during blinking and sleeping)
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what muscle did Charles Darwin call the "muscle of difficulty" and why?
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corrugator supercilii, because of its involvement with anything demanding.
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