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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the three divisions of the pharynx from most superior to most inferior?
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1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx 3. Hypopharynx (Larynx) |
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during swallowing and eating, what muscles work to close off the larynx by pulling the closing superiorly and anteriorly?
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Infrahyoid muscles
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what is more anterior, the larynx or the esophagus?
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larynx
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what are the four regions of the nasal cavity from most exterior to most interior?
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1. Nasal vestibule
2. Nasal cavity 3. Nasal sinuses 4. Nasal pharynx |
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what are teh three major contents of the nasal cavity?
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1. Concha (inferior middle superior)
2. Choanae (meatus) (inferior middle superior) 3. Auditory/Eustacean tube |
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What are the four major nerves of the nasal cavity and their branches?
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1. Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
2. V1 (internal and external nasal off anterior ethmoidal branch) 3. V2 (Posterior nasals, nasopalatine) 4. Facial (greater petrosal branch to pterygopalatine ganglion, and then the fibers ride with all branches of V2 from there) |
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what is the major arterial system to the nasal cavity and pharynx?
Veins? |
1. Maxillary artery and its branches
2. Pterygoid venus plexus |
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where is the nasopalatine nerve in relation to the greater palatine n?
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anterior to
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are the choanae found superior or inferior to the concha with the same name?
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below
(ie) below the inferior concha (turbinate) is the inferior meatus (choanae) |
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which concha is its own bone?
what are the other two a part of? |
Inferior Concha is its own bone
Middle and superior are part of ethmoid |
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how would you find the eustacean tube (auditory tube) given a saggital section of the head?
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find the inferior concha, and the auditory tube is directly posterior to it
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what are the four paranasal air sinuses?
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1. Frontal
2. Maxillary 3. Ethmoidal 4. Sphenoidal |
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Where does the frontal sinus empty in the nasal cavity?
through what? |
in the middle meatus through the frontonasal duct
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where does the Maxillary sinus empty in the nasal cavity?
through what? |
in the middle meatus through the hiatus semilunares
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where do the anterior ethmoidal air sinuses empty in the nasal cavity?
through what? what about the posterior air sinuses? |
anterior
into the middle meatus through foramen in ethmoid bulla posterior behind superior concha by sphenoethmoidal recess |
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where does the sphenoidal sinus drain in the nasal cavity?
through what? |
behind the superior concha through the sphenoethmoidal recess
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where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?
what part? through what? |
Nasal cavity
inferior meatus through the nasolacrimal canal |
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how many sinuses drain into the inferior meatus?
which ones? |
no sinuses, but the nasolacrimal canal does
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how many sinuses drain into the middle meatus?
which ones and through what? |
3
1. frontal sinus - frontonasal duct 2. Maxillary sinus - hiatus semilunares 3. anterior ethmoidal air cells - foramen in ethmoid bulla |
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how many sinuses drain behind the superior concha?
which ones and through what? |
2
1. Posterior ethmoidal air cells - by sphenoethmoidal recess 2. Sphenoidal sinus - sphenoethmoidal recess |
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what nerve runs just superior to maxillary sinus?
behind it? |
Posterior superior alveolar
Descending Palatine (Greater and lesser palatines) |
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the pterygopalatine ganglion carries what type of fibers for what nerves?
what nerve comes into it? |
GVE and SVA for taste
Postganglionic parasympathetic bodies for CN VII only! Greater petrosal nerve (branch of VII |
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what are the three sensory nerves of the nasal chamber?
Motor? |
sensory:
1. CN I 2. V1 3. V2 motor: 1. VII (facial) |
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what branches of V1 are in the nasal chamber?
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Internal nasal
(which is a branch of anterior ethmoidal, which is a branch of nasociliary) |
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what branches of V2 are in the nasal chamber?
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1. Nasopalatine
2. Posterior nasals (ant., mid., post.) (both branches of pterygopalatine off V2) |
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what is the branch of the facial nerve that innervates the nasal chamber?
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Greater petrosal Nerve
(goes to pterygopalatine ganglion which then sends GVE fibers to mucosal glands with every branch of maxillary from pterygopalatine fossa) |
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branches of what cranial nerves synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion?
what type of nerves does it contain? |
ONLY VII !!!
contains cell bodies of parasympathetic postganglionic cells (GVE) |
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what nerve innervates teh mucosa of the nasal vestibule?
what about the skin on bridge of nose? |
Internal nasal
External nasal (both branches of anterior ethmoidal which is branch of nasociliary of V1) |
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what nerve innervates teh lacrimal gland?
how does it get there? |
GVE from pterygopalatine ganglion (VII) (from greater petrosal nerve)
Gets there by riding with zygomatic nerve fiers (branch of V2) and then with lacrimal nerve fibers (branch of V1) |
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how often is there a middle superior alveolar nerve?
what does it innervate when it's present? |
50% of time
innervates 1 PM, 2 PM, and MB root of 1 M |
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if you took a cross section of the descending palatine nerve before it got to palate, what types of nerve fibers would you find?
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1. GSA (V2)
2. GVE (VII to mucosal glands) 3. SVA (bitter and sour taste cells for VII traveling with descending palatine) |
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which nerve provides general sensory for hard palate?
soft palate? |
hard - Greater palatine nerves
soft - Lesser palatine nerves (both branches of descending palatine of V2) |
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if more than one posterior teeth are sensitive on the same side, what is the most likely cause?
why? |
most likely cause is maxillary sinus infection/inflammation because the roots pierce the bone of the floor of the sinus)
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name the bones that make up the midline of hte nasal chamber from superior to inferior.
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1. Crista galli of ethmoid
2. perpendicular plate of ethmoid 3. vomer |
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what are the four muscles (or types) that make up the posterior pharyngeal wall?
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1. Pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle, inferior)
2. Salpingopharyngeus 3. Palatopharyngeus 4. Stylopharyngeus |
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where does the stylopharyngeus insert?
is it medial or lateral to the stylohyoid? |
inserts at jxn of superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors
medial to stylohyoid (bc hyoid bone wraps around the outside of pharynx) |
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where do all the pharyngeal constrictor muscles insert?
what is at the top of this? |
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal tubercle (of occipital bone) |
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where does the middle pharyngeal constrictor originate?
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greater horn of hyoid
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where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor originate?
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1. medial pterygoid plate
2. pterygomandibular raphe 3. alveolar process |
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where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor originate?
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cricoid and thyroid cartilage
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which muscle joins at the junction of the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?
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stylopharyngeus
(it joins with the pharyngeal constrictors "in style" |
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what muscle runs around the pterygoid hamulus?
what does it do? what innervates it? |
tensor palatini
tenses soft palate to open eustacean tube innervated by V3 (medial pterygoid nerve) |
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where does the salpingopharyngeus originate?
what innervates it? |
originates from taurus tuberous (bump where auditory tube opens into nasal pharynx)
innervated by pharyngeal plexus (IX and X) |
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where is tensor palatini in relation to levator palatini?
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tensor is anterior and lateral to levator
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which two muscles attach at the pterygomandibular raphe?
where is the mandibular/inferior alveolar foramen in relation to this? |
Superior pharyngeal constrictor (posteriorly)
Buccinator (anteriorly) mandibular foramen is lateral to it |
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what are the four "glossus" muscles?
what innervates them |
palatoglossus
styloglossus genioglossus hyoglossus all but palatoglossus are innervated by XII palatoglossus is X |
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which two muscles fuse with their folds in the oropharynx?
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Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus |
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what are most of the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?
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pharyngeal plexus (IX and X)
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what are the palatal muscles supplied by?
what's the exception? |
Pharyngeal plexus
exception = tensor palati = V3 |
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what two things does the hard palate contain?
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palatine process of maxillae
palatine process of palatines |
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what three things are found in the soft palate?
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1. uvula
2. tensor palatini 3. levator palatini |
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what three nerves innervate the palate?
what type of fibers? |
1. V2 - GSA
2. VII - GVE (greater petrosal components) - SVA (bitter and sour taste buds on palate 3. Pharyngeal Plexus -SVE to pharyngeal muscles except palatoglossus (which is just X) |
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what are the three regions of the tongue, and what separates them?
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1. Anterior 2/3
Sulcus Terminalis (with foramen cecum) 2. Posterior 1/3 (adjacent to palatine tonsil) 3. Root of tongue separated from post. 1/3rd by palatopharyngeus |
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what are the four types of papillae on tongue?
which have tastebuds? What are the other ones for? |
1. Filliform papilla
2. Fungiform (conical) papilla 3. Folliate papilla 4. Vallate (circumvallate) papilla All but filliform papillae have taste buds filliform are for moving food around and grooming (cats) since they are large |
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what are the four types of taste buds on the tongue?
approximately how many are on each papilla? which papillae don't have taste buds? Which taste buds are on palate? |
Sweet
Sour Salty Bitter 50-100 per papillae Filliform papilla don't have them Sour and bitter on palate (the two bad ones) |
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what are the anterior and posterior borders of the root of the tongue?
which cranial nerves provide which fibers to it? |
anterior = palatopharyngeal fold
posterior = valliculae VAGUS (X) = GSA and SVA |
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what are the anterior and posterior borders of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
which cranial nerves provide which fibers to it? |
Anterior = sulcus terminalis
posterior = palatopharyngeal fold GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) = GSA and SVA |
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what are the anterior and posterior borders of the anterior 1/3 of the tongue?
which cranial nerves provide which fibers to it? |
anterior = tip of tongue
posterior = sulcus terminalis FACIAL (VII) = SVA TRIGEMINAL (V3 = lingual branch) = GSA |
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what are the muscles of the tongue?
which cranial nerves innervate them? |
1. Intrinsic tongue muscles
2. Extrinsic tongue muscles including: a. Hyoglossus b. styloglossus c. genioglossus d. palatoglossus All are innervated by Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) except palatoglossus (X or pharyngeal plexus) |
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what role does the foramen cecum play during development?
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it is where the tissue of the thyroid gland originates from during development
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what type of nerve fibers does the lingual nerve have right where it meets mandibular nerve trunk?
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ONLY GSA!!
GVE and SVA come from chorda tympani when it joins further down |
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what type of nerves enter the submandibular ganglion from the posterior?
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Preganglionic Parasympathetic fibers (GVE) from facial N. (chorda tympani)
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what type of nerves leave the submandibular ganglion from the anterior?
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Postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers (GVE) from facial N. (chorda tympani) to submandibular and sublingual glands
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what is position of submandibular gland duct in relation to lingual nerve from posterior of oral cavity to anterior?
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Posterior = duct is inferior and medial to lingual n.
anterior = duct is superior and lateral to lingual n. makes sense because the lingual nerve loops around and under the duct from the upper outside to middle of tonge |
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what is the most common cause of a lawsuit in dentistry?
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crushing the lingual nerve when attempting to pull a 3rd mandibular molar since it runs just along the bone on the medial side of it
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where do the submandibular gland ducts empty into oral cavity?
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under tongue on both sides of frenum at LINGUAL/SUBLINGUAL CARUNCLES
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what is the frenulum? what does it cover?
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the mucosa covering the genioglossus under the tongue
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what is innervation of geniohyoid?
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C1 of cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis)
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what are the origins of both bellies of the digastric?
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anterior = digastric fossa of mandible
posterior = mastoid process of temporal bone |
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which muscle splits around the intermediate tendon of digastric?
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stylohyoid
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what are the two major arteries serving the oral cavity?
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1. Lingual Artery (branch of ext. carotid)
- serves floor of mouth and tongue 1. Branches of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid) -serves roof of mouth and palate |
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what are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx from most superior to most inferior?
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1. Epiglottis
2. Thyroid 3. Cricoid |
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What are the four paired cartilages of the larynx and where is each located?
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1. Arytenoid - on top of posterior of thyroid cartilage
2. Corniculate - on top of each arytenoid 3. Cuneiform - in each aryepiglottic fold 4. Triticeal - in lateral thyrohyoid membrane between superior horn of thyroid and greater horn of hyoid |
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what are the six extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
What innervates them? |
1. Aryepiglottic
2. Thyroarytenoid (with vocalis) 3. Transverse Arytenoid 4. Oblique arytenoid 5. Lateral cricoarytenoid 6. Posterior cricoarytenoid Innervated by recurrant laryngeal branch of vagus nerve |
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What is the one extrinsic laryngeal muscle?
What innervates it? |
Cricothyroid
Innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal n. branch of vagus nerve |
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What muscle is responsible for the vocal folds?
What muscle is it a part of? |
Vocalis
part of the thyroarytenoid |
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which muscles are the cuneiform cartilages found in?
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Aryepiglottics
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which laryngeal muscle is responsible for opening the the vocal folds (rima glottidus)?
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POSTERIOR cricoarytenoid = safety muscle
Posterior Pushes open the only one that abducts the vocal folds |
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which laryngeal muscle is most responsible for closing the rima glottidus?
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LATERAL cricoarytenoids
(with the help of the other internal laryngeal muscles except for posterior cricoarytenoids) |
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where is the triticeal cartilage found?
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in the lateral Thyrohyoid membrane between the superior horn of thyroid and greater horn of hyoid
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what is the primary role of the larynx? what is a secondary role?
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Protection of the airway
Voice |
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are the vestibular folds above or below the vocal folds?
what is another name for them? |
above
False vocal folds |
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what is the space between the vestibular and vocal folds called?
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laryngeal sinus
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is the cricoid cartilage above or below the vocal folds?
why is this significant? |
cricoid is below the vocal folds
significant because if the airway closes up at the vocal folds you can pierce the cricothyroid membrane to perform a cricothyrotemy |
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what is found on top of the arytenoid cartilages?
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the corniculate cartilages
(the "corn" on the cob, and the cob = arytenoids) |
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What are the two major portions of the arytenoid cartilage?
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1. Vocal process
2. Muscular process |
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is the signet part of the cricoid cartilage in the anterior or posterior part?
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in the posterior
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where do the vocal folds attach?
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anteriorly = thyroid
posteriorly = vocal process of arytenoid (makes sense because the thyroarytenoid m. (vocalis) makes up the vocal fold) |
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what is another name for the cricothyroid ligament/membrane?
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Conical ligament (it is shaped like a cone)
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What is the name of the lateral extent of the cricothyroid ligament?
where does it go? |
Conus elasticus
goes to corner of vocal fold |
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what are the two parts of the cricothyroid muscle?
Which goes more superiorly faster? what innervates it? |
1. Vertical part
2. Oblique part Vertical part goes higher faster (because it's "vertical") innervated by external branch of superior laryngeal n. branch of vagus |
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What is deeper, the transverse arytenoid or the oblique arytenoids?
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the transverse arytenoid is under the oblique arytenoids
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what does the lateral cricoarytenoid do?
Posterior cricoarytenoid? |
Transverse closes the vocal folds (rimus glottidus)
Posterior "pushes" open the vocal folds (rimus glottidus) the ONLY muscle that does so |
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where does the recurrant laryngeal nerve transverse to go into the larynx?
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goes between thyroid and cricoid cartilage
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what is another name for the conus elasticus?
Where does it go between? |
Also called teh cricovocal Membrane
goes from CRICOID TO VOCAL FOLDS |
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when the posterior cricoarytenoid contracts, does the vocal process of arytenoid go up or down?
What about the lateral cricoarytenoid? |
Posterior contracts, vocal process goes up to open airways
Lateral contracts, vocal process goes down to close airway |
