Head And Neck Pathways Of Infection

Front 1

how does the anatomy of the head try to prevent the spread of infections?

Back 1

there are many fascias that try to prevent movement of infection and other substances between spaces.

Front 2

what immune system molecule is found in fascia?
which layers have it?

Back 2

Histiocytes = Fixed Macrophages

ALL FASCIAL LAYERS have it

Front 3

what is bad about the anatomy of the pulp in regards to infection of the pulp?

Back 3

it is very small and very tight, so inflammation in the pulp will impinge on other important tissues, nerves and vessels in the pulp

Front 4

from lateral to medial, what are the three largest/most important fascial spaces in the head?

Back 4

1. pterygomandibular space
2. lateral pharyngeal space
3. Retropharyngeal space

Front 5

in regards to sinuses, what is unique about the head of an infant?
why?
what does this prevent?

Back 5

The sinuses (including frontal and maxillary) are either non-existent or very small.

This is because the sinuses are used for growth and grow as the face does.

This prevents sinusitis in infants because they have no sinuses to get infected!

Front 6

for what two reasons is the superficial cervical fascia unique?

Back 6

1. it is the only superficial fascia that has muscles in it (muscles of facial expression)
2. It is the layer of fascia with a significant amount of fat in it

Front 7

where is the pterygomandibular space found?

Back 7

between the MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE and the MANDIBLE

Front 8

where is the lateral pharyngeal space found?

Back 8

between the MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE and the PREVERTEBRAL and PRETRACHEAL (middle layer of deep cervical fascia) fascias.

Front 9

where is the retropharyngeal space found?

Back 9

between the Middle layer of deep cervical fascia (around pharyngeal constrictors) and the prevertebral fascia

Front 10

which pharyngeal constrictor muscle is found at the tongue level?

Back 10

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

Front 11

where is the thickest layer of superficial found in the body?

Back 11

Scarpa's fascia found in the anterior body wall of the abdominal region

Front 12

which layer of fascia contains the muscles of facial expression?

Back 12

superficial fascia

Front 13

which layer of fascia contains the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

Back 13

investing layer (superficial) of deep cervical fascia

Front 14

what does the alar fascia connect?

Back 14

it connects the carotid sheath to the investing (superficial), middle, and prevertebral (deep) layers of the deep cervical fascia

Front 15

which layer of fascia contains the platysma muscle?

Back 15

superficial cervical fascia (it is a muscle of facial expression!)

Front 16

what are the deepest 3 layers of fascia in the body around muscles?

Back 16

1. endomesium
(around individual sarcolemmas, or muscle cells)
2. Perimesium
(around bundles of muscle fibers - vesiculi)
3. Epimesium
(around an entire muscle)

Front 17

what is the technical term for a space between fascias?

Back 17

fascial plane

Front 18

what space is most likely to transmit an infection into the retropharyngeal space?

Back 18

the LATERAL pharyngeal space

Front 19

what fascial layer are the sternohyoid and thyrohyoid found?

Back 19

the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia
(because it surrounds the trachea and the esophagus and those muscles lie on the trachea)

Front 20

what is the definition of fascia?

Back 20

loose areolar connective tissue that wraps and holds structures together and also serves as a barrier to the spread of infection

Front 21

what is ludwig's angina?

Back 21

a diffuse sublingual infection in the floor of the mouth

Front 22

what two venous structures join the Brachiocephalic vein?

Back 22

1. Internal Jugular Vein
2. Subclavian Vein

Front 23

is the pterygoid venous plexus medial or lateral to the mandibular ramus?

Back 23

medial to

Front 24

which vein receives ALL venous drainage from the head and upper neck?

Back 24

Internal Jugular vein (the external jugular even drains into it)

Front 25

what is the name of the holes that can be found behind the ear transmitting emissary veins?

Back 25

Mastoid cannaliculi

(because it's found in the mastoid process of the temporal bone)

Front 26

what lymphatic strucure drains into the left side where the internal jugular, the subclavian, and the brachicephalic join?
what is the analagous structure on the right side?

Back 26

Left = thoracic duct (because it comes from thorax)

Right = Right lymphatic duct

Front 27

what's the major lymph node on the back of the head?

Back 27

occipital nodes

Front 28

what are teh two major lymph nodes in the ear area?

Back 28

Posterior auricular nodes
Preauricular nodes

Front 29

what are the two lymph nodes found on the front and back of sternocleidomastoid?

Back 29

front = superficial cervical nodes

back = deep cervical nodes

Front 30

what are the two lymph nodes found close to parotid gland?

Back 30

1. parotid nodes
2. Facial nodes (found along parotid duct)

Front 31

what are the two lymph nodes found under the floor of the mouth?

Back 31

1. submental nodes
2. submandibular nodes

Front 32

what is the node found in relation to the internal jugular?

Back 32

Jugulodigastric node

(where the digastric crosses the internal jugular)

Front 33

what node drains the scalp posterior to the ear?

Back 33

occipital node

Front 34

what node drains the pre and post auricular nodes?

Back 34

inferior auricular node

Front 35

the infraorbital, buccal, and mandibular nodes all drain into what node?

Back 35

Facial node

Front 36

which node drains the mandibular incisors?

what about all other teeth?

Back 36

man. incisors = submental

all others = submandibular

Front 37

what node drains teh tip of the tongue?

what about the body of the tongue?

Back 37

tip = submental

body = submandibular

Front 38

what does the superficial cervical node drain?

Back 38

the pinna and adjacent skin, and the pre and post auricular nodes

Front 39

what does the deep cervical node drain?

Back 39

all other nodes except pinna and adjacent skin and pre and post auricular

Front 40

what node drains all the nodes on the right side of face?
Left?

Back 40

right = right lymphatic duct

left = thoracic duct

Front 41

what node drains the submental node?

Back 41

the submandibular node

Front 42

what is the name given to the ring of lymph nodes around the oral cavity in the frontal plane?

Back 42

Waldeyer's Ring