Head And Neck Embryology Anatomy 2006

Front 1

what's a pharyngeal arch?

Back 1

area formed from meeting of outpocketings of endoderm that project laterally and inpocketings of ectoderm

Front 2

what are pharyngeal pouches?

Back 2

are parts of pharyngeal arches that are outpockets of endoderm

Front 3

what are pharyngeal grroves?

Back 3

another part of pharyngeal arches that are inpockets of ectoderm

Front 4

what's another name for pharyngeal arches?

Back 4

branchial arches

Front 5

what's a cervical sinus?

Back 5

doesn't last long
formed when second arch grows over third and fourth arches
can persist after birth forming a cyst

Front 6

what's the mandibular arch?

Back 6

is another name for first pharyngeal arch

Front 7

what's the hyoid arch?

Back 7

is another name for second pharyngeal arch

Front 8

what's Meckel cartilage?

Back 8

cartilage of first pharyngeal arch

Front 9

what's Reichert cartilage?

Back 9

is cartilage of second pharyngeal arch

Front 10

what characteristics make up members of phylum Chordata?

Back 10

1. hollow dorsal neural tube
2. notochord
3. pharyngeal pouches

Front 11

what are on the outside - grooves or pockets?

Back 11

grooves

Front 12

what kind of tissue fills the arches?

Back 12

mesenchyme from neural crest

Front 13

what structures are in each arch?

Back 13

arteries, nerves

Front 14

when do nerves and blood vessels develop in each arch?

Back 14

4th week

Front 15

what's the pharyngeal membrane?

Back 15

is thin layer of endoderm and ectoderm that meets between each arch

Front 16

where do gills come from in fish?

Back 16

come from opening of pharyngeal membranes - place where endoderm and ectoderm meet

Front 17

do the arches play a role in respiration for animals with lungs?

Back 17

no

Front 18

what do the arches become?

Back 18

depends on the arch - remember drawing?
examples include:
bones of middle ear, muscles of facial expression, parathyroid glands

Front 19

what does branchial mean?

Back 19

"of the gills"

Front 20

what's the relationship between the words branchial and pharyngeal?

Back 20

they can be used interchangeably

Front 21

what does brachial mean?

Back 21

of the arm

Front 22

how many arches are there in humans?

Back 22

6

Front 23

what kinds of structures in general do the first and second arches become?

Back 23

face and hyoid apparatus
hyoid bone and muscles and ligaments attached to it

Front 24

what do the third and fourth arches look like in the 5th week of development?

Back 24

are smaller than 1st and 2nd
hidden from view by second arch

Front 25

what is important to note about the fifth arch?

Back 25

forms only briefly
in half of people, blood vessel doesn't form

Front 26

what's the relationship between the sixth and the fourth arches?

Back 26

they fuse
are often considered one arch

Front 27

what is the fate of the blood vessels traveling through the first arch?

Back 27

referred to as first aortic arches
become maxillary arteries

Front 28

what's the fate of the blood vessels traveling through the second arch?

Back 28

referred to as second aortic arches
become stapedial arteries in embryo only

Front 29

what's the fate of the blood vessels traveling through the third arch?

Back 29

referred to as third aortic arches
become common and internal carotid arteries

Front 30

what's the fate of the blood vessels traveling through the fourth arch?

Back 30

referred to as fourth aortic arches
on left side, become part of adult arch of aorta
on right side, become part of right subclavian artery

Front 31

what's the fate of the blood vessels in teh sixth arch?

Back 31

referred to as sixth aortic arches
on left side, become part of left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum
on right side, become part f right pulmonary artery

Front 32

what does the cartilage of the first pharyngeal arch, or Meckel cartilage become?

Back 32

malleus, incus

Front 33

what does the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch, or Reichert cartilage become?

Back 33

stapes, styloid process, superior part of hyoid bone

Front 34

what does the cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch become?

Back 34

inferior part of hyoid bone

Front 35

what does the cartilage of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches become?

Back 35

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid cartilages

Front 36

what muscles do the trigeminal nerve innervate?

Back 36

muscles of mastication
pterygoids - lateral and medial
masseter
buccinator
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
two tensors? what the hell are they?

Front 37

what muscles are derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
what's the nerve of the mandibular part of first pharyngeal arch?

Back 37

muscles: same muscles innervated by V3
nerve of mandibular part of first pharyngeal arch is V3

Front 38

what muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch?

Back 38

muscles of facial expression
posterior belly of digastric
stapedius
stylohyoid

Front 39

what nerve comes through the second arch?

Back 39

facial

Front 40

what nerve comes through teh third arch?

Back 40

glossopharyngeal

Front 41

what muscle is dervied from third pharyngeal arch? also could imagine what muscle is innervated by glossopharyngeal

Back 41

levator veli palatini muscle

Front 42

what nerve passes through the fourth and sixth arch?

Back 42

vagus

Front 43

what cranial nerve does the recurrent laryngeal come off of?

Back 43

vagus

Front 44

what's the path of the recurrent laryngeal and how did it get that way?

Back 44

recurrent laryngeal path:
down to mediastinum
back up between two vessels from 4th and 6th arches
innervate intrinsic laryngeal muscles

path came from embryological development:
dragged into mediastinum when heart descended into chest
relationship to great vessels established early on

Front 45

what structures are derived from first pharyngeal pouch and groove?

Back 45

groove - becomes external auditory canal
pouch - becomes auditory tube
membrane - becomes tympanic membrane

Front 46

what does the mesenchyme ner second pharyngeal pouch become?

Back 46

palatine tonsil

Front 47

what does the third pharyngeal pouch become?

Back 47

parathyroid glands and thymus

Front 48

what does the fourth pharyngeal pouch become?

Back 48

parthyroid glands

Front 49

what's a common congenital defect caused by failure of pharyngeal pouch or cervical sinus to close and degenerate?

Back 49

could become cervical cyst and fistula

Front 50

what are fistulas?
how are cervical fistulas formed?

Back 50

persistent openings
cervical fistulas come from failure of pharyngeal pouches or cervical sinus to close

Front 51

what are cervical cysts?

Back 51

are fluid-filled caviies

Front 52

where can cervical cysts and fistulas usually be found?

Back 52

anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 53

when would a doctor become concerned about a cervical cyst or fistula?

Back 53

if it were to become infected

Front 54

what are branchial arch syndromes?

Back 54

are collection of defects from abnormal development of one or more arches

Front 55

what would the result be from a first branchial arch syndrome?

Back 55

hearing would be affected
development of mandible would be affected

Front 56

what are the consequences of a second arch syndrome?

Back 56

maldevelopment of occlusion of stapedial artery has effect on structures that rely on its supply

problems with hearing
development of external ear problems
muscles of facial expression will be affected

Front 57

an infant has a malformed right external ear nad is missing some muscles of facial expression on right side of her face. these problems are consistent with maldevelopment or occlusion of what VESSEL in embryo?
A. right stapedial artery
B. right internal carotid artery
C. right facial artery
D. right superior thyroid artery
E. right maxillary artery

Back 57

A. right stapedial artery

Front 58

your preceptor shows you an image of a persistent cervical sinus. what the heck is a cervical sinus?
A. cavity formed by failure of third pharyngeal membrane to close
B. cavity formed by failure of second pharyngeal membrane to close
C. cavity formed by failure of first pharyngeal membrane to close
D. cavity formed by duplicated first or second pharyngeal pouch
E. cavity formed when second arch grows over third and fourth arches

Back 58

E. cavity formed when second arch grows over third and fourth arches