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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innervation of External Auricle
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-Lesser Occipital (C1 branch)
-Greater Auricular (C1-2 branch) -Auriculotemporal N (br of V3) |
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Innervation of Internal Auricle
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-Auricular branches of CN VII and CN X
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Innervation of Extrinsic Muscles of the Auricle
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CN VII
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Innervation of External Auditory Meatus
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-Auriculotemporal br (CN V3)
-Auricular branch (CN X) |
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Blood Supply to the External Auditory Meatus
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-Deep Auricular A (Maxillary A)
-Anterior Auricular A (External Carotid A) -Post Auricular A (Superficial Temporal A) |
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Innervation of Tympanum
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-CN V3 and X (Outer/Lateral Mb)
-CN IX (Inner/Medial Mb) |
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What is the central depression of the eardrum called?
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Umbo
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What does the eardrum look like?
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It has a pearlescent scheen (pinkish, silverish)
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Innervation of the Middle Ear
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-Chorda Tympanii (CN VII)
-Tympanic br (CN IX) |
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Muscles of the Middle Ear
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-Tensor Tympanii (CN V3)
-Stapedius (CN VII) |
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Auditory Ossicles and their location
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location= middle ear
-malleus, incus, and stapes |
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Content of the middle ear
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-air
-3 ossicles -2 muscles -2 nerves |
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which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window?
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stapes
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what/ where is the tegmen tympanii?
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above the epitympanic recess in the middle ear
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What is located below the middle ear?
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a thin bone that separates the ear from the internal jugular vein
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Roof of the middle ear
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epitympanic recess, tegmen tympanii (separates it from the middle cranial fossae)
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floor of the middle ear
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thin bone that separates it from the internal jugular vein
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Anterior portion of the middle ear
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opening into the auditory tube (eustachian tube)
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posterior part of the middle ear
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aditus to mastoid antrum, and pyrimidal eminence with stapedius muscle
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medial portion of the middle ear
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oval and round windows, facial canal, and cochlea
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lateral border of the middle ear
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Tympanic Mb
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what auditory ossicle attach to the eardrum
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malleus
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what's an aka for the oval window?
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fenestrae ovalis
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what are the 1st bones to ossify in a baby?
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the auditory ossicles
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what's the function of the auditory ossicles?
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they conduct and transmit sound to the cochlea (they magnify sound 18x's)
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what do the auditory muscles do?
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-they attenuate (dampen sound)
-they also help us to hear better at higher frequencies by reducing the lower frequencies (better frequency resolution at higher frequencies) |
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The 3 parts of the inner ear
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-semicircular canals
-vestibule (utricle and saccule) -cochlea |
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sensory cells in the inner ear
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-hair cells with stereocilia
-supporting cells |
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the inner ear has 2 tubes
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-boney labyrinth (perilymph)
-membranous labyrinth (endolymph) |
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the central pillar of bone in the cochlea
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Modiolus
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What are the labyrinth divisions within the cochlea?
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-cochlear duct (mb labyrinth)
-scala vestibuli and scala tympani (boney labyrinth) |
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What's the end of the cochlea called?
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the helicotrema
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what is the helicotrema made of?
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when the scala tympani and vestibuli become continuous
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What is the cochlear organ called?
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spiral organ aka organ of corti
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what is the spiral organ?
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endolymph filled cochlear duct
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what rests on the basilar or basement layer of the cochlear duct?
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Hair cells
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what is embedded in the tectorial membrane of the cochlear duct?
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Cilia
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what lies below the organ of corti? above?
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below= basement mb
above= tectorial mb |
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path of sound waves in the inner ear
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-sounds compress the vestibular mb that then compresses fluid in the cochlear duct
-waves in the fliud then move the tectorial mb and basements mb by moving the hair cells -these mvmts then send electrical signals to the brain as interpretations of sound |
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what is located higher in the eustachian tube?
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higher frequencies
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why are we more sensitive to hearing higher frequencies?
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because higher frequencies vibrate higher up in the eustachian tube
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what do higher frequencies vibrate?
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the basilar mb of the inner ear near the entrance portal (oval window)
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where do lower frequencies vibrate?
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they travel farther along the mb before causing appreciable excitation of the mb
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What is the place theory?
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deals with pitch perception
(due to the fact that the ear has extreme pitch sensitivity, we assume that there must be some additional "sharpening" mechanism to enhance the pitch resolution.) |
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what is pitch based on?
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it is based on the location along the tectorial mb where the hair cells are stimulated
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stapes aka
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stirrup
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malleus aka
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hammer
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what are the body's balance organs?
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semicircular canals
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what do the semicircular canals do?
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detect acceleration in the 3 perpendicular planes (x, y, and z)
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What are the parts of the semicircular parts of the vestibule?
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Outer tube= semicircular canals
Inner tubes= semicircular duct |
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What is located at the ends of each semicircular ducts?
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Ampulla
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what lies within the ampulla?
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hair cells that attach to the cristae (an elevated region)
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what are the body's accelerometer?
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the semicircular canals
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where are the hair cells in each semicircular duct?
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sitting on the cristae
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what do hair cells in the semicircular canals detect?
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angular acceleration
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what nerve do the semicircular canals connect to?
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the vestibular nerve
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2 enlarged chambers that are at the base of the vestibular complex and connect to the semicircular canals
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Utricle and saccule
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Where are cilia located in the ventricles?
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in the overlying gelatin matrix
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tiny, floating particles that are located in the utricles and saccules and they aid in the process of stimulating the hair cells as they move in the fluid
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otoconia or statoconia
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What does the utricle and saccule detect?
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gravity and linear acceleration
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What do the semicircular canals detect?
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angular acceleration
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What part of the brain conducts the auditory pathway
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the temporal lobe
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How loud is speech?
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50-70 dB
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What loudness can cause hearing problems?
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>85 dB
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aka's for Vertigo
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Meniere's Disease and idiopathicendolymphatic hydrops
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What's the symptom complex of vertigo?
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-episodic vertigo
-tinnitus -fluctuating hearing loss -aural pressure |
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How do you try to fix vertigo?
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Vestibular rehabilitation
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What is found in the outer ear
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-auricle
-external auditory meatus/canal -eardrum |
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What is found in the middle ear
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-ossicles
- eustachian tube/pharyngotympanic tube/ auditory tube |
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What is found in the inner ear
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-oval window
-cochlear -vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, utricle and saccules) -Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) |
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what are the 3 muscles of the external nose?
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1. nasalis
2. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 3. depressor septi nasi |
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the boney part of the nose is made up of what bones?
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-nasal
-maxillae -frontal |
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what are the nasal cartilages?
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-lateral processes of the septal cartilage
-septal cartilage -major alar cartilage -3 to 4 minor alar cartilages |
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unpaired bones of nasal cavity
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-ethmoid
-sphenoid -frontal -vomer |
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paired bones of the nasal cavity
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-nasal
-maxillary -palatine -lacrimal inferior nasal conchae |
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Floor boundaries of the nasal cavity
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-hard palate (boundary btwn the mouth and nose)
-Ant 2/3rds= formed by palatine process of maxilla -Post 1/3rd= horizontal plate of palatine bone |
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inordinate
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adj. unrestrained; excessive.
She had an inordinate fondness for candy, eating two or three boxes in a single day; a case that had taken up an inordinate amount of time |
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Medial Boundaries of the nasal cavity
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(formed by the nasal septum)
-Ant part= formed by septal cartilage -Post part= upper 2/3rds is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and lower 1/3rd is the vomer |
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Lateral Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity
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-3 Projections:
-Sup, Middle, and Inf Nasal Conchae (the superior and middle nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone, while the inferior nasal conchae is its own bone) |
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What divides the left and right halves of the nasal cavity?
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the nasal septum
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the start and finish of each nasal cavity?
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goes from the nostril to the choanae (post part of the piriform aperature)
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what are choanae?
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the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx
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What does the nasal cavity communicate with posteriorly?
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the nasopharynx
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What are the 2 main divisions of the nasal cavity?
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1. Vestibule
2. Nasal Cavity Proper |
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What is the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
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It is lined by modified skin, with hair
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What is the Nasal Cavity Proper?
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-Olfactory mucosa= upper 1/3rd
-Respiratory mucosa= lower 2/3rds (continuous with the mucosa mb's in the sinuses and the nasopharynx) |
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what are the gaps between the conchae called?
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Nasal Meatus
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What are the fxns of the nasal conchae?
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-slows down the air by making turbulence
-humidifies the air |
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An aka for nasal conchae
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Turbinates
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what does meatus mean?
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it receives something or something drains into it
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What drains into the superior nasal meatus?
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posterior ethmoidal sinuses
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What drains into the inferior nasal meatus?
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the nasolacrimal duct
(this is why our nose runs when we cry) |
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What are the 3 parts of the middle nasal meatus?
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-Bulla ethmoidalis
-Hiatus Semillunaris -Infundibulum |
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What drains into the Bulla Ethmoidalis?
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middle ethmoidal sinuses
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What drains into the Hiatus Semilunaris?
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maxillary sinus
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What drains into the infundibulum?
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frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses
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What are the four major foramina in the nasal cavity?
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-cribiform plate
-sphenopalatine foramen -Incisive canal -small foramina in the lateral wall and margin of the nares |
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What innervates the nasal mucosa?
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-Olfactory (CN I)- innervates the olfactory mucosa
-CN V1 and V2- innervates sensory to the internal nose (ant ethmoidal (V1), Nasopalatine (V1), and Lateral nasal nerve (V2)) -CN VII- Greater Palatine Nerve= innervates the nasal mucosal glands |
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Blood supply to the nasal cavity
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-Sphenopalatine Artery (Maxillary A)
-Greater Petrosal Artery (Maxillary A) -Ant and Post Ethmoidal (Opthalmic) -Superior Labial Artery (Facial A) -Lacrimal Artery (Facial A) |
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Acronym for Blood supply of Nasal Cavity
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Silly GAS Lover
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Acronym for unpaired bones of the nasal cavity?
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Eat Some Fresh Veggies
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Acronym for the paired bones of the nasal cavity
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a pair of Nana's Makes People Laugh Inside
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what are the nasal sinuses?
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-frontal
-ethmoidal -sphenoidal -maxillary |
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Where is the most common place for extensive anastamoses in the nasal cavity?
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Kiesselbach's Area
(the anterior region of medial wall) |
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What is Kiesselbach's Area an anastamosis btwn?
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-greater palatine a, sphenopalatine a, superior labial a, and anterior ethmoidal a
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What is clinically significant about Kiesselbach's Area?
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It is the major site of nose bleeds
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aka for nose bleed
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Epistaxis
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aka for sinusitis
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rhinitis
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what are the 2 subdivisions of the oral cavity?
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-oral vestibule
-oral cavity proper |
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what are the functions of the oral cavity?
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-inlet for digestive tract
-manipulates sounds -breathing |
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what are the features of the oral cavity?
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-opening for parotid duct (Stenson's Duct)
-Frenulum of tongue, upper and lower lip -Sublingual Fold (over sublingual salivary gland) -Sublingual Papilla (Caruncle) (for opening of submandibular duct) |
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What is the sublingual fold for?
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the sublingual salivary gland
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What is the sublingual papilla (caruncle) for?
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the submandibular duct
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What are the 3 paired bones of the oral cavity?
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maxillae, palatine, and temporal
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what are the 3 unpaired bones of the oral cavity?
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mandible, sphenoid, hyoid
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roof boundaries of the oral cavity
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hard palate (palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of palatine bone) and the soft palate (cartilage)
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floor boundaries of the oral cavity
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-mainly soft tissues, which include a muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid and geniohyoid) and the tongue (4 intrinsic and 4 extrinsic muscles)
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Lateral boundaries of the oral cavity
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muscular (buccinator) and merge anteriorly
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Anterior boundaries of the oral cavity
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-teeth, gingivae, and lips (labia) surrounding the oral fissure
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Posterior boundary of the oral cavity
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-aperature of the oral cavity is the oropharyngeal isthmus (which opens into the oral part of the pharynx)
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muscles in the floor of the oral cavity
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mylohyoid and geniohyoid
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muscles of the soft palate (roof of the oral cavity)
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-tensor veli palatini
-levator veli palatini -palatoglossus -palatopharyngeus -musculus uvulae |
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What nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
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CN X (Vagus Nerve) except for Tensor Veli Palatini (CN V3)
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All of the muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XII except which muscle?
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Palatoglossus (CN X)
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Function of the Tensor veli palatini
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tenses the soft palate and opens the eustachian tube
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Origin of the tensor veli palatini
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scaphoid fossa of the sphenoid bone
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Function of the levator veli palatini
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the only muscle to elevate the soft palate above the neutral position
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Function of the palatopharyngeus
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depresses the soft palate; moves the palatopharyngeal arch toward the midline; and elevates the pharynx
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Palatoglossus
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depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal arch toward the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue
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Musculus Uvulae
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elevates and retracts the uvula, and thickens the central region of the soft palate
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What nerve innervates the upper teeth?
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CN V2
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What nerve innervates the lower teeth?
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CN V3
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What's the innervation of the tongue?
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-CN XII (except for palatoglossus)
-CN X (Except for tensor veli palatini) |
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What is the arterial supply of the tongue?
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Lingual Artery
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What is the venous supply of the tongue?
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-Deep Lingual V
-Dorsal Lingual V |
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What is the general sensation of the tongue innervated by?
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Ant 2/3rds= CN v3 Lingual Nerve
Post 2/3rds= CN IX |
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What is the special sensation innervation of the tongue?
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Ant 2/3rds= CN VII Chorda Tympani
Post 1/3rd= CN IX |
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Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
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-Superior Longitudinal
-Verticle -Transverse -Inferior Longitudinal |
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Extrinsic Muscles of the tongue
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-genioglossus
-hyoglossus -styloglossus -palatoglossus |
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Innervation of the Salivary Glands
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Parasympathetics
-Preganglionics= chorda tympani and lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion -Postganglionics= from the submandibular ganglion by way of the lingual nerve Sympathetics -Postganglionics= arise from the superior cervical ganglion and runs in a plexus around the lingual artery |
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Arterial Supply of the Salivary Glands
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-Facial Artery
-Lingual Artery |
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Boundaries of the Oropharyngeal Isthmus
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Superior= soft palate
Inferior= sulcus terminalis of the tongue Medial= Palatoglossal arches |
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Where are the palatine arches located?
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between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
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Innervation of the Oropharyngeal Isthmus
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CN IX sensory afferents
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What happens when the oropharyngeal isthmus closes?
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the palate depresses, the tongue elevates, and the arches come in medially
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The GAG reflex and palate elevation are impaired in damage to what nerve
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CN IX and CN X
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