Head And Neck Anatomy

Front 1

The muscular system ________.

Back 1

Causes movement & is controlled by nerves

Front 2

What is the origin?

Back 2

The least movable; attaches to a stable source (ex. bone)

Front 3

What is insertion?

Back 3

The most movable; dermis or skin

Front 4

What is the action?

Back 4

tension/contraction

Front 5

What is innervation?

Back 5

Generates the movement; nerve supply

Front 6

All muscles _______.

Back 6

Are paired, originate in bone, and insert on skin tissue (dermis)

Front 7

What causes wrinkles?

Back 7

When the facial muscles contract it causes the skin to move

Front 8

Where are wrinkles caused?

Back 8

At right angles to the muscle's action line

Front 9

All the muscles of facial expression are innervated by what nerve?

Back 9

The seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve or CNVII)

Front 10

What causes facial paralysis?

Back 10

Damage to the facial nerve; can be permanent or temporary

Front 11

What is facial paralysis?

Back 11

loss of voluntary muscle action

Front 12

What makes up the epicranius?

Back 12

Frontal belly and Occipital belly

Front 13

Frontal belly of epicranius:

Back 13

O: epicranial aponeurosis (tendon)

I: eyebrow, root of nose

A: raise eyebrow, scalp

E: surprise

Front 14

Occipital belly of epicranius:

Back 14

O: occipital, temporal bones

I: epicranial aponeurosis

A: raise eyebrow, scalp

E: surprise

Front 15

Orbicularies Oculi:

Back 15

O: orbital rim, frontal bone (nasal process), maxilla (frontal process)

I: lateral region of eye, encircle eye

A: close eyelid, squint

E: wink

Front 16

Corrugator Supercilli:

Back 16

O: frontal bone

I: skin tissue of eyebrow

A: draw eyebrow medially & inferiorly

E: frown or suffering

Front 17

Movement of the corrugator supercilli causes what?

Back 17

vertical wrinkles in the glabella & horizontal wrinkles at the bridge of nose when a person frowns

Works in concert w/muscles of nasal region

Front 18

Orbicularis Oris:

Back 18

O: fascia encircling mouth

I: angle of mouth & ridges of philtrum

A: closes lips

E: pursed lips (oooooo & ahhhh)

Front 19

The orbicularis oris acts to do what?

Back 19

to shape & control the size of the mouth opening & important for creating lips positions & movements during speech

Front 20

What are the 4 distinct movements of the orbicularis oris muscle?

Back 20

Closing the lips, pursing the lips, grimacing, and pouting & kissing

Front 21

Buccinator:

Back 21

O: maxilla, mandible, pterygomandibular raphe

I: angle of mouth

A: mouth laterally, shorten cheek

Assists w/chewing

"Trumpet muscle"

Front 22

Where is the pterygomandibular raphe located?

Back 22

Extends from humans & passes inferiorly to attach to posterior end of mandible's mylohyoid line

Front 23

Which two muscles are attached to each other at the raphe?

Back 23

The buccinator & pharyngeal muscles

Front 24

What is significant about the buccinator muscle?

Back 24

Pterygomandibular fold (local anesthesia)

Front 25

Risorius:

Back 25

O: fascia superior to masseter

I: angle of mouth

A: widens mouth

E: stretch lips, insincere smile

Front 26

Levator labii superioris:

Back 26

O: infraorbital rim of maxilla

I: upper lip

A: raises upper lip

E: smile

Front 27

Levator labii superioris alaque nasi:

Back 27

O: frontal process of maxilla

I: ala, upper lip

A: dilate nostrils

E: sneer, disdain (Elvis lip)

Front 28

Levator anguli oris:

Back 28

Deep to both zygomatic muscles

O: canine fossa of maxilla

I: angle of mouth

A: elevates angle of mouth

E: smile

Front 29

Zygomaticus major:

Back 29

O: zygomatic bone

I: angle of mouth

A: elevates angle up up lip, pulls it laterally

E: smile

Front 30

Zygomaticus minor:

Back 30

O: zygomatic bone

I: upper lip

A: raises upper lip

E: assists in smiling

Front 31

What muscle do researchers suggest is the difference between a genuine and a lying smile?

Back 31

Zygomaticus major (contracts w/orbicularis oculi)

Front 32

Depressor anguli oris:

Back 32

Triangular shape

O: lower border of mandible

I: angle of mouth

A: depresses angle of mouth

E: frown

Depresses angle of mouth when a person frowns

Front 33

Depressor labii inferioris:

Back 33

Deep to depressor anguli oris

O: lower border of mandible

I: lower lip

A: lowers lower lip

E: exposes mandibular incisors

Suggested it expresses irony

Front 34

Mentalis:

Back 34

O: near midline of mandible

I: chin

A: raises chin which protrudes lower lip

E: pout

Can make working of mandibular anterior teeth difficult

Named because it is associated w/thinking, concentration, or doubt

Front 35

Which muscle can dislodge a complete denture in an edentulous pt who has lost alveolar ridge height?

Back 35

Mentalis

Front 36

Platysma:

Back 36

O: skin tissue superficial to clavicle & shoulder

I: lower border of mandible & muscles of mouth

A: pulls corner of mouth down

E: grimace

Overlaps SCM

Forms depressions in neck when you raise your chin

Front 37

What do the hyoid muscles (suprahyoid & infrahyoid) do?

Back 37

Involved in mastication & swallowing

Front 38

What is part of the anterior group of the supra hyoid muscles?

Back 38

Digastric (anterior belly), mylohyoid, & geniohyoid

Front 39

What is part of the posterior group of the supra hyoid muscles?

Back 39

Digastric (posterior belly) & stylohyoid

Front 40

Anterior Digastric muscle:

Back 40

O: intermediate tendon of hyoid

I: mandible symphysis, inner surface

A: elevate hyoid & layrnx, depresses mandible

Inv: mylohyoid nerve, branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Specific action of opening mouth

Front 41

Posterior Digastric muscle:

Back 41

O: mastoid notch

I: intermediate tendon of hyoid

A: elevate hyoid & larynx

Inv: posterior digastric nerve, branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

Front 42

Mylohyoid Muscle (anterior suprahyoid muscle):

Back 42

O: mylohyoid line on mandible

I: hyoid bone

A: elevates hyoid bone, depresses mandible, raises tongue, forms floor of mouth

Inv: mylohyoid nerve, branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Front 43

Geniohyoid muscle (anterior suprahyoid muscle):

Back 43

O: genial tubercles of mandible

I: body of hyoid

A: raise hyoid bone & tongue during deglutition (swallowing)

Inv: CNI & hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Front 44

Stylohyoid muscle (posterior suprahyoid muscle):

Back 44

O: styloid process

I: body of hyoid bone

Inv: stylohyoid nerve, branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

Front 45

What are the 4 infra hyoid muscles?

Back 45

Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid, Thryohyoid, Omohyoid

(T.O.S.S)

Front 46

Sternothyroid:

Back 46

O: posterior surface of sternum, 1st rib

I: thyroid cartilage

A: depresses thyroid & larynx (doesn't directly depress hyoid bone)

Inv: 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves

Front 47

Sternohyoid:

Back 47

O: sternum, close to clavicle

I: hyoid bone

A: depresses hyoid bone

Inv: 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves

Front 48

Omohyoid (inferior):

Back 48

O: scapula

I: superior belly

A: depresses larynx & hyoid

Inv: 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves

Separated by tendon

Front 49

Omohyoid (superior):

Back 49

O: inferior belly

I: body of hyoid bone

A: depresses larynx & hyoid

Inv: 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves

Separated by tendon

Front 50

Thryohyoid:

Back 50

O: thryoid cartilage

I: boyd & greater cornu of hyoid bone

A: depresses hyoid bone & raises thyroid cartilage & larynx

Inv: 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves

Front 51

What is the action of the superior & inferior longitudinal muscles of the tongue?

Back 51

Together they shorten & thicken tongue

Singly they curl tongue

Inv by hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Front 52

What is the action of the transverse & vertical muscles of the tongue?

Back 52

Together they elongate the tongue

Inv by hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Front 53

What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic tongue muscles?

Back 53

Genioglossus, Styloglossus, and Hyoglossus

Front 54

Genioglossus:

Back 54

Fan shaped body; allows you to stick your tongue out

O: genial tubercles

I: hyoid bone & tongue

A: protrude & depress

Inv: hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Front 55

Styloglossus:

Back 55

O: styloid process

I: tip & lateral tongue

A: retracts tongue

Inv: hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Front 56

Hyoglossus:

Back 56

"Singing muscle"

O: hyoid bone

I: lateral tongue

A: depresses tongue

Inv: hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Front 57

What are the 3 muscles of the pharynx?

Back 57

Stylpharyngeaus, pharyngeal constrictor muscles, soft palate muscles

Speaking, swallowing, & middle ear function

Front 58

Stylopharyngeus:

Back 58

Paired, longitudinal

O: styloid process

I: pharyngeal walls

A: elevates & widens pharynx

Inv: glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Front 59

Pharyngeal Constrictor muscles:

Back 59

3 pair (superior, middle, inferior)

Forms pharyngeal walls

A: raise pharynx & larynx

Inv: pharyngeal plexus (CNX)

Front 60

Muscles of soft palate:

Back 60

Non-bony posterior

Associated w/palatine bone

Speaking & swallowing

Front 61

What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?

Back 61

Palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, uvula

P.U.L.P.T.

Front 62

Palatoglossus muscle:

Back 62

Anterior facial pillar

Closes off pharynx

O: median palatine raphe

I: lateral tongue

A: elevates & arches tongue against soft palate along w/depressing the soft palate

Inv: pharyngeal plexus (CNX)

Front 63

Palatopharyngeus muscle:

Back 63

Posterior facial pillar

Closes off nasopharynx

O: soft palate

I: laryngopharynx & thyroid cartilage

A: moves palate inferior & posterior while moving the post. pharyngeal wall superior & anterior

Inv: pharyngeal plexus (CNX)

Front 64

Levator veli palatini muscle:

Back 64

Closes off nasopharynx

O: inferior temporal bone

I: median palatine raphe

A: raises soft palate to touch post. pharyngeal wall

Inv: pharyngeal plexus (CNX)

Front 65

Tensor veli palatini muscle

Back 65

Middle ear

Pops when yawn

Closes off nasopharynx

O: auditory tube & inferior sphenoid

I: median palatine raphe

A: tenses & lowers soft palate

Inv: trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Front 66

What does the muscle of the uvula do?

Back 66

shortens & widen uvula

Closes off nasopharynx

Involved in speech

Front 67

What does degluttion mean?

Back 67

swallowing

Front 68

What are the muscles of mastication?

Back 68

-Masseter

-Temporalis

-Medial pterygoid

-Lateral pterygoid

Front 69

What is the purpose of the muscles of mastication?

Back 69

Closing, moving, and shifting the mandible

Front 70

Where are the muscles of mastication innervated by ?

Back 70

mandibular version of the trigeminal nerve

Front 71

What M of M is the strongest, most superficial, has a superficial and deep head, and elevates the mandible (closes jaw)?

Back 71

Masseter Muscle

Front 72

Superficial head of the masseter muscle:

Back 72

O: anterior 2/3 of lower border of zygomatic arch

I: lateral surface of angle of mandible (90-degree portion of mandible)

A: Elevation of mandible (close jaw)

Inv: mandibular version of trigeminal nerve

Front 73

Deep head of the masseter muscle:

Back 73

O: posterior 2/3 & medial surface of zygomatic arch

I: ramus of mandible

A: elevation of mandible (close jaw)

Inv: mandibular version of trigeminal nerve

Front 74

What is the masseter muscle associated with?

Back 74

Weight gain

Front 75

Temporalis muscle:

Back 75

fan-shaped

O: temporal fossa (depression)

I: coronoid process of mandible

A: entire muscle- mandible is elevated or closes jaw/posterior portion- retraction of mandible (assists w/closing jaw)

Inv: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Front 76

What muscle is the primary source of tension headaches?

Back 76

Temporalis muscle

Front 77

Medial pterygoid muscle:

Back 77

Weaker

O: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

I: angle of mandible

A: elevation of mandible (close mouth)

Inv: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Front 78

Superior head of Lateral pterygoid muscle:

Back 78

O: greater wing of sphenoid

I: pterygoid fovea of mandible

A: single- lateral deviation of mandible/both- mandible forward

Inv: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Front 79

Inferior head of Lateral pterygoid muscle:

Back 79

O: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

I: pterygoid fovea of mandible

A: depress mandible

Inv: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Gives "bulldog appearance" or class 3 occlusion

Front 80

TMJ:

Back 80

2 portions: temporal & mandible

Hinge & gliding motion

Involved in speech & mastication

Articular disk

Inv: trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Front 81

Temporal portion of the TMJ:

Back 81

inferior portion

zygomatic process

articular eminence

articular fossa (AKA upper synovial cavity)

postglenoid process

Front 82

Mandible portion of the TMJ:

Back 82

condyle- articulating surface

coronoid process

mandibular notch

Front 83

Articula disk of TMJ:

Back 83

upper & lower synovial cavity- divides TMJ into 2 portions

synovial fluid

attachment- laterally & medially

posterior- upper & lower portions

Front 84

What are the 3 TMJ ligaments?

Back 84

TMJ ligament (major)

Sphenomandibular ligament (minor)

Stylomandibular ligament (minor)

Front 85

TMJ ligament (major):

Back 85

lateral

prevents excessive retraction

Front 86

Sphenomandibular ligament (minor):

Back 86

medial

spine of sphenoid to the lingula (little tongue) of mandible

IAN (inferior alveolar nerve- innervates mandibular teeth)

Front 87

Stylomandibular ligament (minor):

Back 87

medial

connects styloid process to angle of mandible

tight fascia

limits movement

Front 88

what is eagle syndrome?

Back 88

calcified styloid mandibular ligaments

Front 89

What are the TMJ movements:

Back 89

gliding & rotational

Front 90

Gliding movement of TMJ:

Back 90

protrusion & retraction of mandible

disc, articular eminence, & mandibular condyle

upper synovial cavity

Front 91

Rotational movement of TMJ:

Back 91

depression & elevation of mandible

disc, & mandibular condyle

lower synovial cavity

Front 92

what muscles are involved in ELEVATION of the mandible?

Back 92

masseter muscles

temporalis muscles

medial pterygoid muscles

Front 93

what muscles are involved in DEPRESSION of mandible?

Back 93

anterior suprahyoid muscles

Front 94

what muscles are involved in LATERAL DEVIATION of mandible?

Back 94

both gliding & rotational movements of TMJS

lateral pterygoid muscles

Front 95

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD):

Back 95

acute or chronic inflammation

earache, headache, neck & shoulder pain

palpation

Front 96

what causes TMD?

Back 96

disc displacement- trauma, excessive opening, or gum chewing

Front 97

what is treatment of TMD?

Back 97

fixing occlusion, splint, anti-inflammatories, ortho, & surgery (last resort)