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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The levels of the socioecological model are...
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Society (state, nation, world, policy/law)
Community (neighborhood, city, county) Organizational (organizations, social institutions) Interpersonal/Social (family, friends, social networks) Individual (knowledge, attitudes, skill) |
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What is health?
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State of physical, mental, and social well-being
Not just the absence of disease Includes spiritual and emotional well-being |
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What does the ecological approach to health mean?
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Health behaviors as part of a larger social system with social and environmental influences and contexts
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What is health communication?
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the way we seek, process, and share health information
Mutual interpretation Interaction of doctor, media, internet, family, friends Influenced by goals, skills, assumptions, culture, etc. |
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What is the biomedical model?
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More focused on disease, physical health
Passive patient and paternalistic provider Mind & body separation Specific cause Focused & specific communication |
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What are pros and cons of the biomedical model?
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Pros:
Good for acute treatment (broken bones, heart attack, etc.) Cons: Doesn't treat the whole body, may not completely heal the patient (healing vs. curing) No preventative medicine |
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What is the biopsychosocial model?
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Focuses on health of whole patient
Active participation of patient, partnership Mind & body together Multiple causes, takes into account emotional, social, mental situations |
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What are the pros and cons of the biopsychosocial model?
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Pros:
Can be used as preventative medicine Heals patient as a whole Cons: May be ineffective for emergencies and acute situations |
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Define the levels of prevention in public health.
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Primary: intervention before disease or symptoms are evident
Secondary: early stage, symptoms or risk factors present, prior to dysfunction Tertiary: intervention when disease is present, prevention of further disability, treatment |
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Why is health communication important?
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Success of health care and public health (satisfaction, adherence, time & money, efficiency)
Coping & decision making Patient empowerment Counteract unhealthy media Preventative healthcare (lifestyle behaviors & real-world conditions) |
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Define the ethical principle of autonomy.
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Respect for persons
Value individual perspectives Individual empowerment No freedom restriction No witholding of info. |
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Define the ethical principle of nonmaleficence.
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Do no harm
Monitor practice, professionalism, expertise Alert to social & political forces Larger context, life impact, empathy |
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Define the ethical principle of justice/equity.
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Fair, impartial, respectful, open-minded
No discrimination No exaggeration of risks Equal & adequate access |
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What is an ethical dilemma?(with example)
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Choosing between options where each has ethical pros and cons.
Example: Harm reduction Balancing nonmaleficence and beneficence with utility Benefits outweigh risks? Immoral to some, prevent harm for others Needle exchange programs enables continued illegal drug use and addiction but engages a positive patient-provider relationship and reduces HIV and hepatitis risk |
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How is supportive communication related to health outcomes?
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Speeds healing/recovery
Reduces symptoms and stress Reduces pain |
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What are the types of social support?
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Action-facilitating (instrumental & informational) and emotional (nurturing)
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Define action-facilitating social support.
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Instrumental: tangible assistance (childcare, transport.)
Informational: provide info., advice, suggestions (esp. for things we can't control) |
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Define emotional social support.
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Nurturing
Empathy, love, trust Feedback, socializing Validation Positive vs. ignoring reality (acknowledge situation/emotions) |
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Why is the involvement of patients' families important?
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They have greater influence than providers
Are impacted by illness Serve as advocates Assist with treatment Support & coping Perspective & balance Get & remember more info. |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
-Peripheral vs. central processing |
Able to process info.
Type of processing -peripheral = temporary change -central = behavior change Processing has to lead to positive thoughts |
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Stages of Change
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Precontemplation (not thinking about it)
Contemplation (thinking about change) Preparation/Decision (planning to change) Action (behavior) Maintenance (at least 6 months of change) -More for quitting than adding behaviors |
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Social Cognitive Theory
-reciprocal determinism -self-efficacy -social support -expectations -reinforcement |
Broad theory
Dynamic influcences of behavior, individual, and environment |
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The 4 P's of the social marketing theory
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Price- what they have to give up
Product- what they will gain Promotion- how you communicate the message Place- channels used to reach audience |
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Components of the Extended Parallel Process Model
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Fear appeal
-threat -perceived susceptibility -perceived severity -recommended response |
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Define a closed question.
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Yes, no, limited response, makes assumptions (are you married?)
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Define an open question
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Door openers, encourage open dialogue, tell me more vs. specifics (other reasons, questions)
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Define active listening
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Undivided attention, effort to understand
-attending -following -reflecting |
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Define attending skills
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Posture-forward, open
Body motion- mirroring Eye contact No distractions No avoidance of emotion |
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Define following skills
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Door openers- invitation to talk, non-judgemental, non-coercive
Minimal encouragers- nods Infrequent questions Attentive silence |
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Define reflecting skills
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Paraphrasing- concise in own words
Reflecting feelings- mirror, verbal/nonverbal Reflecting meanings Summarative reflections- check for accuracy, open for additional points |
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DESC scripting
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Describe- (behavior only) when you do this...
Express feelings- (I statements) I feel annoyed because... Specify what you want- turn it down... Consequences- (what it does to you) it distracts me and makes me suck at life |
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Components of AMPP
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Ask- door openers
Mirror- reflect, emotions Paraphrase- verbal Prime- best guess at what they are thinking/feeling |
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What are the principles of mutuality?
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Model of Collaborative Interpretation:
provider as expert advisor & patient as decision maker -open comm. -both patient & provider w/ valuable expertise -shared power -shared decision making -patient involvement |
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Quality communication is associated with...
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-satisfaction=compliance
-faster recovery from surgery -decreased use of pain meds -shorter hospital stays -even decrease in bp and blodd glucose |
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What is the importance of using signposts?
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Ask permission/state intent
-reduce uncertainty -reduce awkwardness -transition -into specific questions -symptoms enquiry -exam -explanation and planning |
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What are the 6 steps of breaking bad news?
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1-physical context: in person, comfort, visitors
2-find out how much they know: ask, don't assume 3-find out how much they want to know: full details & treatment vs. just the basics 4-share the information (aligning and educating): signposts, small chuncks, clarify 5-respond to feelings: identify & acknowledge 6-planning & follow-through: plan, understand (reflect), coping strategies, support, follow-through |
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What is the "Voice of Lifeworld"?
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patient language/perspective, relates to every day impacts rather than medical jargon, feelings over evidence
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Patient vs. Provider prospectives
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Patient: person, concerned care is dictated by $, illness & sense of self, treatment downsides, quality of life vs. length, passive & obedient
Provider: person vs. illness, demanding high stress job, hard long hours, emotional investment & burnout, length of life over quality, authoritarian vs. patient centered |
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Why do some patients not comply?
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-barriers (money, time, etc.)
-don't understand -don't agree, trust -denial of condition -no effect seen early -symptoms go away early -not consistent with cultural beliefs |
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Specific factors that impact communication with adolescents
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-lower personal & health knowledge
-perceptions & understanding -expression -parental/family involvement -influence of peers |
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Specific factors that impact communication with persons of lower SES
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-access to and quality of care
-functional and health literacy -cultural differences -discrimination/prejudice -health care preferences (CAM) -health values |
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Specific factors that impact communication with persons not proficient in English
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-functional & health literacy
-discrimination/prejudice -few providers & staff w/ language skills -interpreter availability -educational materials & prescriptions |
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Define cultural sensitivity
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-desire, knowledge, skills enable people to work together
-curiosity, engagement, acceptance, understanding -cultural humility (we don't know everything & will make mistakes) |
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Examples of stigma of disease and how it impacts health care
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AIDs & homosexuality- fear of discrimination, social rejection, retribution
Heart problems/diabetes- labelled "couch potatoes" |
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Importance of determining explanatory models of health (cultural conceptions)
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Reduce health disparities:
differences because of gender, race, education, income, etc. Improve comm. Improve health care in general Changing & diverse US population Growing world health problems & interdependence |
