Hdm Test 2: Viral Replication

Front 1

How are viruses detected and enumerated?

Back 1

Electron microscopy
Viral Antigen detection (ELISA or Western)
Serology (detect immune response)
Molecular methods

Front 2

The combined effects of virus replication and inhibition of host cell macromolecular synthesis leading to change or death

Back 2

Cytopathic effect

Front 3

Possible effects of viral replication on cells

Back 3

-Death
-Growth transformation

Front 4

Visible plaques that spread radially from virus particles

Back 4

plaque forming units

Front 5

This assay is cell culture based, expressed as plaque forming units

Back 5

plaque assay

Front 6

Limiting dilution assay tests viral effects on what two things?

Back 6

Cell culture
Infection of test animals

Front 7

Viral mRNA makes viral proteins, which mainly create what two things for viral replication?

Back 7

Structural proteins and enzymes

Front 8

What do all viruses need to make from viral nucleic acids?

Back 8

Viral mRNA

Front 9

Enzymes from viruses mainly serve what purpose?

Back 9

Replication of viral nucleic acid further for viral assembly

Front 10

Which is measurable first during replication, intracellular or extracellular viruses?

Back 10

Intracellular

Front 11

5 steps of viral growth cycle

Back 11

Absorption and penetration (drop in titer)
Eclipse (no detection of infectious virus)
Maturation (progeny forming)
Latent (no extracellular virus detectable)
Release (budding, exocytosis, or passive)

Front 12

What is lost during entry and uncoating?

Back 12

Physical trace of virion

Front 13

6 bases of Viral genetic info

Back 13

DS DNA, SS DNA, DS RNA (fragmented)
SS RNA (+), SS RNA (-), SS Retro RNA (+)

Front 14

Where do nuclear replicating viruses insert DNA?

Back 14

Nucleus to parasitize host RNA Pol II

Front 15

Ex of nuclear replication viruses?

Back 15

Herpes, adeno, polyoma, papilloma, hepadna, parvo

Front 16

What do cytoplasmic replication viruses use for DNA replication?

Back 16

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (brings with it)

Front 17

What are examples of positive sense RNA viruses?

Back 17

Coronavirus

Front 18

What is the message sent in positive sense RNA viruses?

Back 18

Genome (use ribosome scanning to initiate translation)

Front 19

Negative sense RNA viruses have RNA. What must happen before it can be extracted?

Back 19

Must make a biochem complementary copy that represents viral mRNA

Front 20

Negative sense RNA viruses use what to get started?

Back 20

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (must keep with template)

Front 21

What is unique about transcription of hepatitis delta virus?

Back 21

Transcribed by host RNA pol II in nucleus

Front 22

3 common pieces of retroviruses

Back 22

RNA dependent DNA polymerase, RNaseH, DNA dependent DNA polymerase (collectively called reverse transcriptase)

Front 23

Which virus type is diploid?

Back 23

Retroviruses

Front 24

DNA viruses encode how many replication proteins?

Back 24

At least one

Front 25

What do some DNA viruses encode to help the replication process?

Back 25

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Front 26

DNA viruses replicate where?

Back 26

nucleus

Front 27

Positive sense RNA viruses replicate where?

Back 27

cytoplasm

Front 28

In positive sense RNA viruses, viral protein must be cleaved. What are the two results?

Back 28

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and structural proteins

Front 29

What does the negative sense RNA virus play in positive sense replication?

Back 29

Placeholder role to make lots of positive sense.

Front 30

Which negative sense viruses replicate in the cytoplasm?

Back 30

Rhabdo, paramyxo, filo viruses

Front 31

Which negative sense RNA viruses replicate in nucleus?

Back 31

orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis delta

Front 32

What are RdRPs missing that DdDps have?

Back 32

Proofreading capabilites, which makes them more hybrid.

Front 33

Lentiviruses are what type of virus?

Back 33

Retrovirus

Front 34

When does reverse transcriptase occur in retroviruses?

Back 34

Beginning when it comes into cell

Front 35

What causes the infectivity in retroviruses?

Back 35

Change in shape

Front 36

How does hepatitis B virus replicate?

Back 36

Reverse transcriptase

Front 37

structure of hepadnavirus (hepB)

Back 37

partially double stranded genomic DNA (completes change in host cell)

Front 38

When does Hepadnavirus use Reverse transcriptase?

Back 38

at end of replication cycle

Front 39

Step where structural proteins accumulate in same cellular compartment where replication of progeny genomes

Back 39

progeny nucleocapsid formation

Front 40

What step for naked DNA/RNA viruses makes them infectious?

Back 40

When they are encapsidated

Front 41

Step that enveloped viruses must complete

Back 41

Maturation

Front 42

What is one of the differences related to the release of viruses?

Back 42

egress, which can be apical or baso-lateral. Affects localized or disseminated infections.