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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are children in this age group involved in?
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Out of home programs
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Out of home program
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Child care centers
Family child care homes Public or private full- and half-day programs |
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How many 3 – and 4 – year olds are in the US are
involved in preschool programs? |
More than half
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How many of these 4–year olds are in public school in the US?
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20%
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Preschoolers
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Children ages 3 – 5
The years before school attendence Are now seen as a vitally important period of learning and development and not merely a time for group and the anticipation of the "real learning" that will begin with school |
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What are the areas of human functioning in which the important development and learning occur during these early years?
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Physical
Social Emotional Cognitive Language |
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What does cognitive development and learning include?
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Perception
Reasoning Memory Other aspects of academic and intellectual development |
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What is the optimal development and learning during these years is likely to occur?
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When children establish positive caring
relationships with adults other children Receive carefully planned, intentional adult guidance and assistance Explore interesting environment with many things to do and learn |
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Where do these things commonly occur?
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At home with their parents for any
child |
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How do children attend out of home early
childhood programs spend their time? |
Away from their families
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Who are responsible for ensuring that the
program permits the development and enhances the learning of each individual child served? What does this require? |
Professionals must ensure that the program was developmentally appropriate
Teachers have a great deal of knowledge, skill, and training. |
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Describe children entering preschool. What are some experiences children entering preschool may have had?
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Children entering preschool. In what they know what they can do.
Some had rich learning experiences at home, in a program, or both Some have not had the kind of stimulating or supportive environment that contribute to optimal development and learning |
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Why some not have the kind of stimulating or supportive environment that contribute to
optimal development and learning which leads to children entering preschool of different developmental strengths? |
There is a range in the type and quality of
learning experiences and individual differences in children temperament and interests |
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What is every child entering preschool have?
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Strengths
Weaknesses |
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On average, how far are 4 year-olds living in poverty behind what is typical for others in their age group? What does this translate into?
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18 months
Achievement and school readiness gaps between children from poor families versus middle-class families in math, language, and other academic areas |
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Describe the gaps.
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They are seen in preschool
They persist into elementary school and beyond |
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Why are the gaps a cause for concern for every community?
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An alarming 43% of preschool children across the country come from low income families
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How many 3 – 4 – year old are affected?
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3.5 million
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How many 5–year-olds are affected?
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1. 7 million
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Who else are affected?
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Teachers
Families |
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In what ways are children living in poverty
vulnerable? |
They are more likely than other children to live with a disability
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What percentage of low income families have a child with a disability? How does this compare to higher income families?
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16%
This rate is nearly 50% higher than that for higher income families |
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What percentage of preschoolers across the country are known to have some type of special needs?
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5%
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Who can disabilities and delays affect ?
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All families, regardless of income
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How do early childhood educators treat those with disabilities? Why do you teachers respond this way?
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Children with disabilities and typically developing children are welcomed into their classrooms
Teachers understand the richness that inclusion brings in terms of diversity and interdependence |
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What did the demographics in early childhood programs reflect? How must teachers respond?
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The country's ever-greater cultural diversity
They must be adept and integrating cultural knowledge into their teaching |
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What do teachers require when integrating
cultural knowledge into their teaching? |
They must reach out to parents and involving and empowering every family
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What are the results?
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This enriches communication about their child
this strengthens the bond between teachers and family This felt stronger connection between teachers and children This enhances benefits and learning experiences for children well into the future schooling |
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What do teachers need to know about all the growth and change in areas that occurs in
children during the preschool years to function most effectively? |
Goals
Sequences Trajectory of development The importance of communicating with kindergarten and other teachers and aligning the curriculum accordingly |
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What do preschool teachers need to avoid?
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Using a scaled-down version of curriculum
intended for older children |
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3 – year olds
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No longer toddlers, but behave like them at times
They are not steady in their gains Their social skills are still uncertain They are still working on how to regulate and appropriately express strong emotions They are not yet able to communicate their ideas and feelings of guilt, complex ways |
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Why do adults tend to underestimate preschooler's abilities?
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Preschoolers believe in fairies and monsters
They have trouble with logical sequences that they basically adults |
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In what areas can 3-year-olds the older than they really are?
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Language ability
Motor skills Reasoning abilities Other behaviors , |
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What are some challenges for the preschool teacher? In what type of context can all of this happen?
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To maintain appropriate expectations
Provide each child with the right mix challenge, support, sensitivity, and simulation that permits development and learning Close, nurturing teacher – child relationship |
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What is fortunate about these challenges that preschool teachers face?
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They are balanced out by the joys
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In what areas do preschoolers revel?
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Increasing ordination by using their bodies
exuberantly |
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In what areas do preschoolers seem to thrive?
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An environment that encourage them to
experiment with new material, role, and ideas the various projects and especially through play |
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In what areas do preschoolers seem show
interest? |
In feelings
They are better able to express, label, and identify their and others emotions |
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In what areas to preschoolers make some important gains? What does this allow them to do? |
Cognition Allows them the pleasure of representing their world and pretend play, symbol, object, drawing, and words Language skills |
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How does the DAP book describe preschoolers? |
They are an enchanting, enthusiastic, curious, and inherently playful and imaginative bunch that needs the help of adults to work with them in their entry into a world of great charm and delight |
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Give examples of how preschoolers are extremely physical creatures. |
They are constantly moving, running, and jumping
They react joyfully to opportunities for damping, creative movement, dramatic play, and being outdoors where they can move without constraint |
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How much of the day should preschoolers spend in physical activity? Why is this important?
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1/4 This is an age when much learning is transmitted through the large muscle, when learning goes from the hand to the head, not the other way around. |
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What types of activities are the least useful in preschool classrooms?
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Paper – and – pencil activities
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What specific type of activity is most appropriate for the preschool classroom?
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Hands-on activities
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Give examples of appropriate hands-on activities for the preschool classroom.
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Dramatizing fairytales Squeezing clay into animal shapes Hanging from a jungle gym Building block castles Getting messy with paint |
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Fundamental movement phase
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Occurs from ages 2 – 7 The development of basic movement skills |
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What else improves with each year? |
Coordination |
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Describe the movement of most of the 2– and 3–year olds. |
Generally still fairly immature and uncoordinated |
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Describe the movements of most 4– and 5–year olds. |
They meet with greater control but are not limited in their movement They may be described as clumsy, and spills and collisions are not uncommon |
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Describe the movements of most 6– and 7– year olds. |
Validity began to be evidence
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What may preschool teachers observed?
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Children experience different degrees of
difficulty in various motor tasks Gender differences Gross motor skills requiring precision |
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Give examples of gross motor skills that require precision.
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Hopping Skipping |
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Which sex generally hold an edge in the physical skills that require force and power?
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Boys
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Give examples of physical skills that require
force and power. |
Running
Jumping |
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What is more important than ever with the rise of childhood obesity and its long-term negative health effects?
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The connection between physical activity and healthy lifestyles
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What percent of children between the ages 2–5 are considered overweight compared to the
children of 1960s? |
14%
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According to research studies, how does regular physical activity help children?
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Building and maintaining healthy balance,
muscle, and joints Controlling weight Building lean muscle and reducing fat Preventing or delaying development of high blood pressure Reducing feelings of depression and anxiety Increasing capacity for learning |
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What is necessary for preschool children to achieve physical well-being?
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Appropriate levels of physical activity
Access to good health care Adequate shelter Adequate hygiene Good sleeping habits Nutritious diet |
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What do preschoolers and other children need throughout the day? How do these positive habits help young children?
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Frequent opportunities to eat and drink to stay energized, avoid headaches and fatigue,
maintain focus, and enjoy their surroundings |
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Describe the amounts and rate of growth in
children between 3 – 5 years of age. |
Varies
Some children grow as much as 6 inches ever this 3 – year period Others grow only a few inches All children develop a last toddler–like trunk and become less top-heavy Group takes place mostly in the trunk and legs |
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Compare the amount and rate of growth in
children between 3 – 5 years of age and amount and rate of growth in children in the first 3 years of life. |
The physical growth rate is steadier overall but still lower than during the first 3 life.
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What are the average gains for preschoolers from ages 3 – 6?
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On average, children gain 5 – 6 pounds and 2 – 3 inches per year
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When have all 20 baby teeth emerged?
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By age 3
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How does preschoolers' image of their body change from when their infants?
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At last behind their increasing size
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What do preschoolers learn at their bodies
increase in size? |
It is a challenge for them to learn how to
monitor their bodies in space Frequent mishaps arise from children's lack of awareness of just how much they have grown and from there lack of motor skill planning |
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Give an example of how preschool children can show they are unaware of their change in size.
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When a child does not believe that a favorite
shirt no longer fits |
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Give an example of how preschool children
can show their lack of motor skill planning. |
When a child takes the more difficult way to get somewhere
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Perceptual development |
Largely dependent on the development of the brain and central nervous system (the timing of which varies) |
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Which senses are well developed by the preschool period? |
Sight Touch Smell Taste Hearing |
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Which sense is actually more acute in adults than preschoolers? |
Taste They have additional taste buds in the cheeks and throat that partially accounts for their reputation as "picky eaters" |
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In what areas do preschoolers exceed? |
They have increased physical capacities for excellent sensation and perception |
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Which areas in preschoolers need more time to develop? |
Their processing of incoming sensation and perception information is incomplete Children yet to develop some of the cognitive strategies and language refinements needed to interpret and communicate the sensory data |
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When do children begin to improve in their ability to perceive pattern and discriminates various forms? |
Age 3 |
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What do preschool children begin to recognize, then repeat, and design? |
Visual patterns |
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In what areas do preschool children''s interests increase? |
Producing designs and patterns in art, puzzles, instruction, and letters and words |
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What are some problems preschool children have in pursuing the new interests? |
Children are farsighted and having trouble switching focus between close and distant targets They are still developing their coordination of an binocular vision which necessitates the use of large print They do not have great depth perception They make letter reversals but this is not a perception problem |
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Binocular vision |
The ability of the eyes to work together |
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Depth perception |
They tend to run into things and each other |
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Give an example of a letter reversal. |
Confusing the letters u and p or d and b |
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Letter reversal |
Not a perception problem It is a natural confusion based on previous experience |
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What do objects in the physical world have? |
The same function and name regardless of their directional orientation |
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Give an example of how objects have the same function in the name regardless of their actual orientation. |
A block is still a block whether facing left or right |
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Describe the preschoolers sense of hearing. |
Well-developed They can listen intently to stories and pay attention to conversations that interest them They began to recognize rhyming words and play with the sound of language |
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What do these activities require? |
Auditory recognition Processing of sounds |
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At ages 4 5, what can children do in terms of hearing? |
They are capable phonic awareness |
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Phonic awareness |
Children can perceive when 2 words sound the same or begin with the same sound |
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What are some signs of a hearing problem in preschoolers? |
Preschoolers who appear to be unable to do types of activities such as listening to a story or rhyming |
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What can impair hearing during infancy or toddlerhood? |
Chronic middle ear infections |
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What is the physical growth during this age do? What is the result? |
Lowers the child's center of gravity This makes more steady and surefooted movement possible |
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Gross motor development |
Includes increased functional use of limbs for activities |
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Give examples of gross motor activities. |
Jumping Running Climbing |
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What can cause gross motor difficulties? |
Developmental difficulty or delay |
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What types of skills are younger preschoolers (ages 3 – 4) just beginning to work on? |
Balancing Jumping Hopping |
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What types of skills are younger preschoolers (age 3 – 4) challenged by? |
An obstacle course or the like |
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How will older preschoolers and skills that younger preschoolers are beginning to work on and are challenged by? Why? |
Older preschoolers will find the tasks easier The nervous system is still immature overall, the preschooler's reaction time is generally much lower than a 6– or 7–year old |
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How does the gross motor development take place? |
Children move through a sequence to refine these skills |
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What is the sequence a product of? |
Physical maturation Instruction Opportunities to practice newly discovered skills |
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What is the variation in motor development due to? |
A combination of genetic and environmental factors, including motivation, experience, and adult supports |
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What has been down about motor movement across race? |
Differences among racial groups have been documented such as norms of motor development of American children in the is of Caucasian children in walking, running, and jumping |
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What types of professionals need to become involved with the students, teachers, and parents to help students overcome any motor difficulties that become more apparent to parents and teachers during the preschool years? |
Early childhood special educators Physical therapists Occupational therapists |
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What do the professionals do to help parents and student with better difficulties discovered during the preschool years? |
They help in the setting and planning appropriate intervention or or children's development |
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What is misleading and based in developmental misunderstanding? Why is this the case? |
The rise of youth sports programs for children as young as the age of 3 Preschoolers are not physically ready to handle the skills needed for specific sports They are not emotionally or cognitively equipped for the rules or the pressures of competition |
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What should teachers do instead? |
Encourage children to enjoy movement for its' own sake even though they may appear uncoordinated or kinetically unaware at times Children will have fun using and exploring their body's capacity for movement |
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Describe the gains preschoolers may make in their fine motor skill development. |
When given opportunities to practice, preschoolers to make gains in their fine motor skills, but they do not attain any kind of sophisticated manual dexterity |
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What are some fine motor activities that can be difficult for many preschoolers? |
Writing Drawing Cutting |
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What happens when preschoolers are expected to perform tasks involving precise control of the hand muscles, careful perceptual judgment to do eye-hand coordination, and refined movements requiring steadiness and patience? |
They may experience failure and frustration |
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When is handedness well-established? What does this do? |
Age 4, although the wrist contains some cartilage that will not harden into bone until about age 6 Places some constraint on fine motor capacity |
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What is the result? |
Most preschoolers cannot make fully circular wrist motions |
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With what activities will the circular wrist motions be necessary? |
As they learn to write in cursive They do not have the strength to propel themselves on overhead horizontal bars |
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What types of activities do they make progress through? |
Those that are open ended to develop their hand muscles and fine motor skills |
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Give examples of the open ended activities. |
Drawing Painting Working with playdough and clay Constructing with Duplos or Legos |
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What engages children and prepares them for the demands of handwriting and other skills to be developed later? |
Open ended activities Time management Encouragement |
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How can children of this age also learn to use their hands and fingers? |
By watching others |
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What does becoming more adept, coordinated, and skillful entail? |
Interplay between children's emerging physical capacities, resulting from growth and maturation, and built but developed from adult instruction and opportunities to practice specific new skills |
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Adult instruction |
Physical education |
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New skills |
Recess Free play |
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What do children need to develop many of their physical capabilities through play? |
Planned movement activities Explicit instruction Structured physical build development opportunities to guide them in becoming physically active and healthy for a lifetime |
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Give examples of explicit instruction. |
Verbal modeled |
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What does the National Association for Sports and Physical Education recommend for preschoolers? |
The daily accumulasedentarytion of at least 60 minutes of structured physical activity Between 60 minutes and several hours of unstructured physical activity They should not be sedentary for more than 60 minutes at any time (except for sleep, of course) because too much bidding and at odds with young children's characteristic mode of learning through physical activity |
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Give an example of how the daily accumulation of at least 60 minutes of structured physical activity should be. |
In short bouts of 15 minutes each |
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What do early childhood educators plan for? |
For active play indoors and outdoors they are sensitive to the needs of children at different ages They pay attention to that individual capabilities and interests of children as they run, jump, climb, balance, throw, catch, and explore their fine motor skills They make sure to move beyond group games in their curriculum planning They include activities to develop children's basic movement skills for a variety of physical learning tasks |
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What do preschoolers need to experience in their daily environments? Why is this important? |
An array of objects and events So that they can explore and learn about with their senses |
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What else do children benefit from in the preschool years when learning the distinctive features of objects, graphical symbols, and other stimuli? |
Materials Experiences Teaching strategies |
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What should preschooler's daily activities include? |
Many opportunities for young children to develop competence and confidence in their gross motor skills |
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Give an example of what should be a part of a preschooler's daily activities. |
As a part of the daily routine, children carry objects, take nature walks, exercise and move to music, and engage in role-playing actions and short dramas |
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What should play equipment include? Give examples. |
A diverse array of things Cup stilts A small trampoline Steps A balance beam Hoops for jumping Jump ropes Bean bag toss Scooter boards A puppet show Ring toss A parachute Floor puzzles Hollow blocks Large Legos Strollers for dramatic play |
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Qhat are needed inside for movement and other activities such as throwing and jumping? |
Large floor areas which are carpeted and not |
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What is the ideal environment for promoting gross motor development? What is needed in this type of environment? |
The outdoors Planning Supervision Equipment |
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Give examples of the equipment necessary for outdoor play. |
A small net Assorted balls Foam bats and balls Tricycles Scooter boards |
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What is included in the wide variety of teaching strategies to facilitate children's gross motor development? Why? |
Teachers combine of the themes of locomotor, stability, and manipulative skills with their concepts of space awareness, effort, and relationship with other people in their environment Preschoolers are engaging in many gross motor activities for the first time and children perceptual judgment are still immature a significant amount of direct adult supervision is necessary |
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What should be included in the physical environment? |
Pieces of equipment that vary in skill level according to the degree of balance and coordination required |
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What is a major cause of childhood injury? What are teachers to do to prevent this? |
Falls Under climbing structures, 6– 12 inches of appropriate cushioning material in there to protect children |
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What should well-planned outdoor activities do? |
They should challenge children to use a range of motor skills, as obstacle courses do, but allow for and be adapted to a wide range of difference among children due to maturational rates, motivation level, experience, practice, and adult coaching, nutrition, and identified or potential disability and exceptional abilities |
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What is the development of fine motor skills like during the preschool years |
Slow but it can be fostered by providing ample opportunity, appropriate school, and adult support |
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What happens when teachers is their students into the fine motor skills too early? |
This process will be unsuccessful and frustrating for children This process may leave them feeling incompetent and stressed |
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When are children able to engage in fine motor activity more readily and for longer periods of time? |
In kindergarten |
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What should preschoolers have access to? |
Many kinds of material objects to help them develop and practice fine motor skills |
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Give examples of the many kinds of material objects that can help develop children's fine motor skills. |
Small objects to sort and count Pegboards Beads to string Clothing Things that that zip and button
A tie for dress up play Dolls and accessories Drawing and writing materials Scissors Paint Clay |
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What other opportunities do preschool children need? |
Practice functional skills |
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Give examples of functional skills. |
Pouring milk Setting the table Eating Dressing |
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What should adults do when children seem interested and persistent in writing their name and forming letters? |
They should offer assistance, both formal and informal They should show recognition of their attempts at approximations of letters as they explore writing their names |
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What helps build their understanding of the power of the written word, while respecting their as yet undeveloped fine motor control for presise letter formation? |
Daily writing activities |
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Give an example of daily writing activities that build their understanding of the power of the written word, while respecting their as yet undeveloped fine motor control precise letter formation. |
Sign in sheets Exposure to many purposes of writing |
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When does the children's physical progress occur best? |
Through planned observation of an appropriate task Watch them get through an obstacle course that includes a balance beam and something to jump into, out of, and over |
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What happens when children are identified with a disability? |
The usual activities may require adaptation |
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Give an example of how children are identified with a disability and their usual activities may require adaptation. |
Children unable to use their hands are able to draw and construct to practice fine motor skills that provided the technology such as modified keyboards, switches, pointing devices, and graphics programs Provide them with ways to be active and mobile by adapting equipment or environments when necessary |
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What are the names of the 2 statements from the National Association for Sports and Physical Education help define developmentally appropriate physical activity programs for all children? |
Appropriate Practices and Movement Programs for Young Children Active Start: A Statement of Physical Activity Guidelines for Children Birth – 5 Years |
