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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How can how parenthood roles will function within the family system be best
understood? |
Describe the factors that may be collectively grouped as family ecological influences
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What is the purpose of some of these factors?
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Serve as part of the social context in which PC relations take place
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Family ecology
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The various social, psychological, physical
environmental systems in which parenting behaviors are contextualized |
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Give an example of family ecology.
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The level of a family income and resources and the ethnic identity of the family can influence parenting styles and behavior
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What are these systems practically comprised of?
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Cultural content
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Culture
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A learned behavior relative to each particular group
Characterized by some flexibility because it can change over time Cannot be contained within tight boundaries It permeates into many areas of life Has fuzzy edges Transmitted initially in the PC relationship Transmitted later by all those who assume co-parenting, supportive, and other social roles in the child's life Shapes the rules or social norms that outline appropriate behavior in a variety of contexts linking them to individuals, agencies, and institutions that transmit these values and beliefs May impart a sense of belonging |
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Bidirectional influence of culture
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As individuals can influence the culture and
culture can influence its group members |
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What is cultural exchange modified by?
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The context within which cultural events are
embedded |
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Why do we explore the ecological factors of
ethnicity and background from and ethnographic perspective? |
These influence PC relations
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What is a social construct of culture do?
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Defines what families value and believed to be important
Guides the behavior of all members subscribing to a particular cultural group |
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What is an important role of culture in PC
relations? |
Acts as a virtual shorthand between persons sharing the same cultural context
Allow them to assume content and meeting without further clarification because as members of the same cultural perspective they have been and culture rated in a similar manner |
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Enculturated
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Changed
Modified Adapted |
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How can culture be likened to a computer
operating system? |
It forms the basic layer on top of which other programs can run
People who share cultural value, there are rituals, values, beliefs, and ways of doing things that are shared questioningly a because there is cohesiveness that results from these shared value, customs, and belief systems |
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Being a part of a cultural group, how do
members absorb the values? |
By osmosis
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Give an example of how culture imparts a sense of belonging.
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For some, these values are derived from the larger ethnic group with which they identify
For others, these values come from religious beliefs and philosophies Usually, all of the contributing agents are so intertwined that there is little point in teasing out which system contributed what in terms of culture |
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Matsumoto and Juang reference Malpass
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"Culture, in its truest and broadest sense, cannot simply be followed in a single gulp." Reflects the complexity of this multifaceted topic |
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Regardless of the origin of the values, what do parents do?
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Transmit cultural heritage to their children
playing into the scenario that children's brains are equipped with mirror neurons and playing a supportive role in the acquisition of culture |
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Mirror neurons
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Neurosciences have found that these support children in mimicking or copying behavior in an involuntarily manner
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What can mirror neuron mimic or copy?
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Language
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How do children cognitively learn values,
attitudes, and beliefs? |
By parental example
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What else can children learn cognitively from the parental examples? What is needed?
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Negative prejudices which underlines the
necessity of PC relations that focus on values and behaviors that will support and enhance multicultural competence in the child later life |
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Multicultural competence
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A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and
policies that come together in a system, agency or among professionals and enable that system, agency or those professions to work effectively in cross-cultural situations |
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According to Ryder and Dere, how should
cultural competence be regarded? |
As a general orientation
Aspirational Can be fostered and strengthened with "knowledge about and comfort with the implications of cultural difference |
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Cultural humility
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Used by Ryder and Dere
Describes the quality required in a professional clinical relationship |
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What does an informal description of culture compare?
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Its effects to global positioning device, which
directs, and gently redirects, the user back to a preset destination In cultural terms, it would mean that ongoing minor behavioral adjustments are made to meet cultural expectations |
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What do members of a cultural group do during this process? What is the result?
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Share
Can reference the symbols and behaviors pertaining to that group Becomes especially apparent in rituals for life transitions |
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Give an example of how this is especially
apparent in rituals for life transitions. |
Lifespan rites of passage surrounding birth,
marriage, and death |
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How do Matsumoto and Juang define culture?
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As "(a) unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across
generations that allow the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life |
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How do Shiraev and Levy describe culture?
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"Culture is a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbol shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next." |
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How do Nanda and Warms describe culture?
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From an anthropological perspective, is a learned behavior which uses symbolic
"shorthand" or set of symbols, integrated in a logical manner, the material is shared by members who subscribe to a particular culture, and culture adapts changes over time |
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What do cultural construct have?
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A degree of permanence
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What do cultural constructs lack? What is the
result? |
Fluidity
Allowing for change which can be rapid or relatively slow |
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When are cultural constructs' fluidity usually slow?
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Intergenerational changes
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When are cultural constructs' fluidity usually rapid?
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In some small subcultures
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The culture have beginning or end?
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No boundaries are indistinct
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What help us live in more interconnected ways?
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Mass media
Global communication Travel Immigration Other effects of globalization |
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What causes cultures to become less stable? Why?
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Living in more interconnected ways
There aren't so many layers of bidirectional influence |
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How does culture serve as a lens through which parenting behavior may be observed?
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This may be observed regarding the proper ways to raise children to maturity in accordance with cultural values and beliefs
Each culture is likely to have its own particular ways of defining proper child rearing so culture becomes a worldview possessed and practiced in unique ways by each culture or subculture |
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What do large societies often consist of?
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A variety of subcultures that are different from the larger society according to distinct that the behaviors, values, and beliefs which may be based on features held in common
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What are some features subcultures may be based on that are held in common?
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Ethnicity
Nationality of origin Sexual orientation Age Gender Political affiliation Religious belief Geographic location |
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Based on these factors, what is possible? What does this cause? What may allow?
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Individuals may ascribe to more than one
subculture causing blending cultures Allow for the a heritage culture and a mainstream culture |
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Heritage culture
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The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible
attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. What immigrants maintain in the US while simultaneously assimilating to the host culture |
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In the US, what has the population been largely derived from?
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Immigrants of many different groups over the years
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What does the multiculturalism of the United States encourage and allow?
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Various subcultures retain their basic features while also coexisting with others as one nation
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Host culture
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The dominant culture and a given area that may
respond negatively to immigration because of the change that takes place in their community |
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Acculturation
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The process of acquiring a second culture,
layered on top of the first or integrated with the first |
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What are 2 cultural conceptions of value
systems? |
Individualism
Collectivism |
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What are the various cultures around the world characterized by?
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The manner in which the 2 value systems are blended or balanced
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What does individualism in a culture value?
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The person
What can be accomplished on one's own Individual identity Self-expression |
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What does collectivism as a social trait
emphasize? |
The interdependence of the individual with the larger community
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What does collectivism encourage?
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People to fit in
People to adapt to characteristics of larger community |
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What is collectivism frequently associated with?
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Cultural groups in Asia
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What is individualism frequently associated with?
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North America
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What do these 2 cultural conceptions have?
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Direct application in PC relations and that they influence how parent translate cultural values into interactions with their children
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What do parents in cultures characterized as
individualistic tend to do? |
Encourage autonomy or independence in
children Promote children's self-reliance Foster children's personal achievements Support children's competitiveness Allow children to question and explore Allow children to participate in decision-making |
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What do parents in cultures characterized as
collectivist tend to do? |
Have closer emotional ties to children for longer
periods in infancy and childhood Emphasize the extended family network in teaching children what is valued Stress obedience to authority, especially to parents and older family members Empathize children learning and respecting social norms governing appropriate behavior Emphasize the sharing of property and the belongings Shape children's behavior to demonstrate responsibility and obligation to others |
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What are some implications concerning the
interplay between collectivism and individualism? |
Parents who emigrate from typically collectivistic cultures may find it difficult to assimilate into
individualistic cultures because the family cultural values may be at odds with the mainstream cultural values of the host country First-generation immigrants may bare the brunt of these challenges, while second-generation immigrants may thrive as cultural "translators" |
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Second-generation immigrants
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The offspring of the immigrants who
understand that the culture of the country of origin and the culture of the adopted home country |
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What do the individualistic approaches in the
teaching – learning environment of educational systems emphasize? |
Dialogue
Independent exploration of ideas Creativity Questioning Active participation in teaching – learning process |
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What do traditional collectivistic environments tend to do?
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But the teacher or professor into an authoritarian position, as the expert, these opinions may be accepted unquestioningly, while placing the student into a more passive learning role
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What do individualistic teaching – learning
environments tend to do? |
Original thought and action may be prized
It is a constructive challenge to impart values promoting cultural cohesiveness while also allowing individualistic, yet very prosocial, expression |
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What may contribute to the adaptation to the host culture?
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The aspects of the cultural heritage to be
maintained, versus the aspects to be silenced by assimilation process |
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What may contribute to the family's well-being?
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The willingness of migrants and immigrants to find the level of assimilation best suited to
integrate successfully |
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What happens to the assimilation and
integration process? |
Typically occurs and strengthens from one
generation to the next |
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What happens to each subsequent generations?
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Becomes more assimilated into the host culture
The language of the country of origin is usually lost by the third or fourth generation |
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Give an example of this type of blending of many immigrant voices into one choir.
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US
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Ethnocentrism
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Behavioral scientists who study cultural
differences one is about these problems as we study our culture in the US in comparison with that of others Occurs when we use the understandings of our culture to compare, evaluate, and judge those of others |
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Give examples of ethnocentrism.
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The use of physical punishment by parents the children have different meanings and different values from culture to culture and even from one subculture to the next.
Although American parents typically value children becoming anonymous at an early age, this practice is viewed as unusual in some cultures |
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What are likely to be shared across subcultures, unique to each culture, recognizes the
functioning of cultural universalism versus cultural relativism in influencing our perceptions? |
Patterns
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How does the cultural context within any which any cultural expression occur in cultural
relativism? What are the 2 results? |
Is emphasized
Increasing understanding and tolerance of cultural expressions that may occur beyond the mainstream The concepts emic and etic are of importance |
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Emic |
Culturally specific referring to that which
identifies us, or make us culturally unique |
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Etic |
Culturally universal
Draws together those cultural components that we share universally |
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What is referred to as a universal social
institution and the basic building blocks of society? |
Family
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What responsibilities does the family have?
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Producing children
Socializing them to become well-functioning members of the larger society in which their family is embedded |
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What are the many ways in which families changed over the past century?
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Size
Functioning The characteristics that give them meaning |
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What has produced the change in families? |
Years of social evolution
In the umbrella societies under which the families are sheltered |
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How has the family function changed?
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Every time at societies have changed
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What prepares the children for their
participation in society? |
Socialization
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Socialization
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The set of interpersonal processes through which cultural meaning is passed on and changed
What parents do to teach children to conform to social rules, acquire personal values, and develop attitudes and behaviors that are typical or representative of their culture at large |
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How to socialization occur?
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Through the many ways that culture is transmitted to children by parent, the media, and to some, and agencies
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Describe the lessons parents impart to their
children in socialization. |
Not always given in a formal, verbal instruction
Many are learned by children when they observe the behaviors of their parents and caregivers Embedded in the guidance about acceptable behaviors are information about undesirable behavior |
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What do the youngsters do with this
information? |
They are excellent imitators as young brain are programmed to copy
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What may be promoted more than others
during this process? What did this depend upon? |
Certain standards
The nature of a particular family system |
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Acceptable/desirable behaviors versus
unacceptable/undesirable behaviors |
Taught by all parents and other agents in society that influenced individual and families
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Who can be socialization agents and function on a rigid to flexible or even permissive continuum?
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Familes
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How is this socialization process depicted?
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Unidirectional model
Fails to accurately describe what truly happens and family when parents are raising children for adulthood |
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What is the reality about the way the
socialization process is depicted? Why? |
Bidirectional in nature
Children play a role in the process |
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Developmental parenting
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Changing and shaping the lessons of
socialization based on the developmental age and personal abilities of the child Meaning that is appropriate for particular child, acknowledging their individual and unique abilities while also considering their development wage |
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Try to predict how marriage, parenthood, and
PC relations will be conceptualized in the year 2100 or even 2200. How would you rate contemporary families in their abilities to socialize children effectively for their future? |
? |
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What do demographic trends indicate about
societal changes that are reflected in families? |
An increased complexity in family life
Boundaries between groups that are more fluid |
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What type of relationship do societies and
families have? |
Reciprocal relationship
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Reciprocal relationship
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What affects society affect families, and vice versa
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What have trends revealed about the reciprocal relationship between society and family?
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An increasing separation between what is
regarded as a family and what can be described as a household |
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What are the changes that have affected the
reciprocal relationship between families and society? |
Increase in childbearing among single women
Cohabiting relationships Partnership formation Dissolution Changing marriage trends Changing divorce trends |
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How is diversity reflected in the reciprocal
relationship between families and society? |
A variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds
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What may many immigrant families have?
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Extended family in other countries
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What is useful for understanding contemporary American families?
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Demographic data about the conditions under which they operate which influence PC relations
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How is most this information collected?
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The US Census Bureau
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How is this information helpful?
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Evaluating changes in family
Evaluating changes in population characteristics Making predictions about the forms that American families will take |
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What type of trends and features do
contemporary American families exhibit? |
Those that provide another ecological dimension
that shapes parenthood and other family functions and relationships Reflect the influences of culture and socialization and PC relations |
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How is the view of marriage changed over time in the US?
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Generally, Americans continue to value marriage as a social institution, but a number of changes are occurring.
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What are some of the changes that have taken place across ethnic boundaries?
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The age of the first marriage has increased to 27.5 for men and 25.6 for women
Couples are marrying later Coupled are marrying less frequently |
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Why are couples marrying later and less
frequently? |
Due to the increase of educational
responsibilities, cohabitation, economic and social issues |
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What do the important changes in marital events affect?
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Family formation
Assumption of parenting roles |
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Why is there a delay in assuming adult roles?
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Complex educational and career demands
Obstacles in establishing an occupational path Greater gender equality Greater economic hardship |
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Why do people marry later?
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Delayed child rearing
Smaller families Greater marriage stability Increasing larger number of young, unmarried adults in the population |
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What has the change in people marrying later created?
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New and novel approaches that affect family life
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Give examples of the changes created from people marrying later.
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Stay at home dads
Dual income couples Job sharing Part-time employment Temporary employment Semi-permanent co-parenting arrangements Moving back to the parental home |
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Boomerang Kids |
Kids moving back into their parental home
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What are the variations frequently born out of?
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Socioeconomic challenges
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What do a number of American society without marriage?
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Become parents
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How long has the number of children born in the US been relatively stable?
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1975
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In what group, have the number of births
increased? |
Unmarried women
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In what group, have the number of births
declined? |
Adolescents
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What ethnic groups have tended to have higher fertility rates?
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Asian women
Hispanic women |
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Fertility rates
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The number of births that a typical woman will have over time
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What happens to be overall population
numbers? |
They tend to grow
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What is the recorded US population of 2010?
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308 million
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What does the 308 million represent?
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An almost 10% increase over the census from a decade earlier
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What is the cause of this increase?
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Emigration
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How has the number of children American
families have had changed from 1976 to 2002? |
In 1976, 30% of all families had 4 children or more
In 2002, only 10% of all American families had 4 children or more |
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What is the most common family size?
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Parents have 2 children per family unit
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What ripple effects have been observed from the small family sizes?
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The overall age structure of the population
School enrollment Programming needs |
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How is divorce data reported? What is the problem of these reporting methods? How is this made more difficult?
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In many forms by different government agencies
Complicated data Often contradictory information Made more difficult as the figures vary by ethnicity |
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Describe the rate of divorce.
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Appears to have stabilized within the last 20 or more years
Highest in our nations history |
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How does Carl describe the divorce rate
situation? |
Fewer Americans than one my decision had ever been divorced in the year 2000
The percentage of couples divorce trends increased Only 20% of people not 50%, as often cited, have never been divorced |
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What does Carl emphasize about these figures?
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Complex
Vary by age Vary by cohort group Vary by ethnicity |
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What is the figure for older adults?
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Around 18% (lower)
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What is the figure of older adults influenced by?
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Harsher social disapproval of divorce
The lower earnings potential of women who tried to make it on their own |
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What is related to the probability of divorce?
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Age at first marriage
Racial group membership |
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Who has the greater risk of divorce?
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Couples facing multiple stressors
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Fragile families
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Families where several simultaneous stressors are present
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What types of families have higher divorce rates?
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Fragile families
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Stressors
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Negative life events that strain the resources of the family system to the breaking point
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Give examples of stressors.
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Poverty
Unemployment A child with a disability |
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Why do we have semi-single-parent families in the US?
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High incidence of the divorce
Single parenthood |
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What has happened now that divorces have
become more common? |
Less stigma
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Why is it difficult for many couples to maintain a long-term commitment to marriage in the more liberal times?
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Changes in the status and role of women in
society Changes in the laws that make obtaining a divorce less complicated and my stigmatizing The strong desire to achieve personal happiness |
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You are the mother of a young woman
contemplating marriage. She has a concern that she wishes to discuss with you: why do people continue to get married given the current likelihood of divorce? What would you say to her in defense of marriage? |
?
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When is it remarriage most likely?
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Among those who lead a first marriage via
divorce |
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What has changed with the remarriage since the mid-1960s?
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Decline
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What is the median length of the first marriage in the US?
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7 years since 1980
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What is the median interval between divorce and remarriage?
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3 years
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What percentage of divorced women tend to get remarried within 5 years?
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54%
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What percentage of divorced women tend to get remarried with a 10 years?
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75%
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What are the influences of remarriage rates?
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Racial group identity
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Who are more likely to remarry?
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Caucasians are more likely to remarry than African-Americans
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What is the divorce rate of those who remarry? How soon do we married couples often divorce?
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These are considered to be a high risk of
divorce, often within 6 years |
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What does remarriage create? What does this
increase? |
Blended families
Increases the likelihood of co-parenting and stepparenting |
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What do many remarried adults expect?
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To parent children other than their own
offspring |
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What percent of all children are living in
stepfamilies? |
5% |
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What is the reciprocal influence between
marriage and parenthood according to U.S. Census data? |
Parenthood has an affect on marital status
Marriage affects parenthood |
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What does closer analysis of the data show about persons who divorce before starting a family and did not remarry?
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They are more likely not to have children
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Why have Americans been left reeling under the pressures of the global financial crisis?
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Many adults would prefer to be working, the high unemployment rate have made this
difficult. |
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What has become the employment norm of
contemporary families? |
Both adults are employed
Stay at home dads are more common often because they cannot find employment Unemployment has changed the characteristics of the working population |
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Family income
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Have a more influential effect on the quality of family life and on PC relations
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What are the challenges present when both adults are employed?
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Housework
Child care Child rearing Extracurricular activities during personal time and leisure time Healthcare Amount of attention devoted to the marital relationship |
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What does the median income of families in the US provide?
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An idea about how finances influence quality of life
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What happened to the median income since the mid-1940s?
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Has risen considerably but is dropping under current global financial pressures
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What type of financial future will the current generation have?
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The current generation will have a bleaker future
and their parents before them |
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What happened to the number of working
mothers in 2010 according to the U.S. Census? |
The number has risen to an unexpected high
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What is happened to the father's employment according to the 2010 U.S. Census?
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Fathers were losing their job during the economic recession
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What is the result of the increase in the numbers of women in the labor force?
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Concomitmant increase in dual income
families |
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What age is the largest segment of married mothers of children?
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Ages of 6 and 17
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What percent of all married women work outside the home in 2001? |
68%
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What is the number of couples who both work?
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66% (17 million)
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What does employment of both adults in an
intact family produce? |
A ripple effect in other areas of family life and parenting
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What are some examples of areas of family life affected in the ripple effect of employment of those adult in an intact family?
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Child care arrangements
After school care Division of labor or household chores and responsibilities Choices pertaining to family finances |
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What is threatened when homelessness and a family exists at the poverty level or below occurs?
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Family well-being
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What does poverty vary considerably in the US relative to?
|
Family structure
Racial group Ethnicity |
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How have statistics of poverty in American who make up the poorest of the poor in 2009?
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A record high of 6.3% of the population
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What do these extremely poor families have to do?
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Scrape by on less than half of what is officially
designated by the poverty guidelines Live on $22,350 for a family of 4 living in any of the 48 contiguous states in 2011 |
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Why aren't the figures the same as the poverty thresholds referred to by the US Census Bureau?
|
Poverty threshold and poverty guidelines are slightly different versions of the federal poverty measure
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Poverty guidelines
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Used in determining financial eligibility for
certain federal programs |
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How many children in America live in poverty?
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18% (Almost 18 million)
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How is the amount that of a family of 4 would have required to stay above the poverty line threshold vary?
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The cost of living in different regions
Employment opportunities The ages of the children The effects of the recession Other economic factors |
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What does the US Census Bureau used in
determining the poverty threshold? |
A very complex formula
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What is a major factor in the differences in
family income among racial groups? |
The higher incidence of single-parent families headed by women among minorities
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What are the 2 trend among those affected by poverty to continue to be observed in recent years?
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The feminization of poverty, as noted by
increasing number of women and children who are poor An increase in the number of working poor, or those who may work one or more jobs earning low wages with few or no benefits |
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Inflation
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A general increase in prices and the fall of the purchasing value of money
Has continued to erode the buying power of the American dollar |
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Who does inflation affect the most?
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Those earning minimum wages
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The homeless
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Individuals who live on the streets or in public shelters
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What segment of the population is increasingly large and the homeless population?
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Women and families with children
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In 2003, what percent of children were affected by homelessness that were less than 5 years of age?
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42%
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In rural areas, what segment of the population is homeless?
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This segment accounts for the largest numbers of those who are homeless
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What are the other factors that can cause
someone to be homeless? |
Substance abuse
Mental illness Unemployment Disability An unstable family life Domestic violence experienced by women |
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How many of homeless women are thought to be escaping from abusive relationships?
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About half of all women
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What are the 2 things that happen when parents are homeless what happens to parenting? Why?
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Terminated
Inadequate Of the inability of the adult(s) to provide for themselves or for their children |
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What is represented a serious charge to
communities that are trying to reintegrate homeless children and families into the mainstream of American culture? |
The many causes of homelessness
The complexity of providing solutions to end this status |
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How many Americans ages 18 to 24 have lived with their parents?
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Half
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How many American ages 25 to 34 have moved back into the parental home?
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30%
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What varies based on how each family system experiences different ecological factors?
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The ways that parenthood is defined
Child rearing is conducted PC relations are valued |
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What are the features of contemporary family life in America?
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First time marriages a occur later for both men and women
A great number of marriages terminate in divorce, usually after 7 years There is a high probability of remarriage following divorce, leading to children growing up and blended families Families tend to be smaller, often with 2 children Family incomes have increased significantly in the years since World War II, but economic stability has been threatened by global financial recession. The generation currently reaching adulthood phase of more unstable economy and gloomier employment prospects in their parents did. Poverty and homelessness affect in an increasing percentage of families in the US each year. The situation affect minority families to a greater extent. |
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Family
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An important source of stability in a rapidly changing and increasingly complex society
Can be a refuge while the storm and challenges of the greater system rage |
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Pursuing personal happiness
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Basic tenet of our American society
A noble goal in referenced in the U.S. Constitution |
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How have we become more conscious of the
diversity in our society? |
There is endless variety based on factors such as age, gender, race, sexual orientation, special needs, and ethnic group identity
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How do we know that each group has its own strengths and we can find many threads that connect us in one common fabric?
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The increased respect for diversity
The acquisition of multicultural competence |
