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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Child development
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scientific study of processess of change and stability from conception through adolescence.
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Baby Biography
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kept by parents. Similar to scrapbooking.
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Development Aspects
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Charels Darwin said ppl were better understood if their background was known
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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Viewed infant as a blank slate on whom parents and teachers can write to create the kind of person they want.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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noble savages. people are born good and become warped only by repressive envirnments
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Charles Darwin
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Theory of evolution. natural selection. horses->girafes.
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Alfred Binet
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developed the first individual intelligence test. standardized testing
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John Dewey
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Educator. viewed developmental psychology as a tool for fostering socially desirable values. study of children in their social setting.
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Maria Montessori
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childhood education based on self-chosen activities. simple to complex tasks. no social interaction
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Prenatal development
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conception-40 wks
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Infancy
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1 yrs-3 yrs
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Early childhood
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3 yrs- 6yrs
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Middle childhood
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6 yrs- puberty
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General influences on development
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1. indivdual differences
2. Heredity 3. Environment 4. Maturation |
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Major contextual influences on development
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1. nuclear family
2. extended family 3. socioeconomic status 4. Risk factors. 5. culture and ethnicity. |
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nonnormative influence
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go through a usual influence at a wrong time.
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cohort
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a group of people with a shared experience
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critical period and sensitive period
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time of dev. where something should happen for development to move on.
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plasticity
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molding brain through experiences. children have more of this than adults.
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theory
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things we know to be true that can help predict
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hypothesis
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educated guess. possible explanation that must be tested.
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Locke regarding development
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continuous, mechanistic, ramp. earlier behavior predicts later behavior. crawl, walk, crawl a little
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Rousseau regarding development
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stages, organismic, stairs. finish a certain peice of dev. you get to the next stair when prev. stair is done and never go back.
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psychoanalytic
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behavior is based on subconscious.
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Freud- stages of dev.
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oral, anal, phallic, latency
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Freud's parts of personality
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id, ego, superego
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id
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infantile part of personality. pleasure seeking. must have needs met instantly
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ego
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helps id to be patient. not the only one in the world
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superego
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mediator between id and ego
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Four stages of Erikson important to this class
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trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority
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trust vs. mistrust
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(0-1 1/2 yrs)dependence on caretaker for consistent care and affection. The virtue of hope leading to trust in the world.
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autonomy vs. shame
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(18mnts- 3 yrs) Child develops a balance of independence over self-doubt and shame. Need to adjust to the demands of toilet trainging and other societal demands while retaining a sense of autonomy. Danger of long lasting sense of shame or doubt. Virtue of will.
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initiative vs. guilt
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developing a sense of right and wrong which controls behaviors but without going tooo far and becoming guilt-ridden by failures. Virtue of purpose
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industry vs. inferiority
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developing a sense of work ethic. virtue of skill.
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Behaviorism
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your dev. is shaped from cognitive abilities. Change comes from how you learn about your envirnoment. behavior is shaped by envirnment
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classical conditioning-watson
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albert-mouse, shocked kid when touched mouse
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possitive reinforcement
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give something to reinforce behavior
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negative reinforcement
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take soemthing away to reinforce behavior
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punishment
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stop or change a behavior
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Social learning
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Bandura. learning based on people around you. immitation
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social cognitive learning
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a way you act on environment to learn from. a child jumps on the couch to see how adult will react.
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observational learning
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stay or leave. learn from observing
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assimilation
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how a child incoorporates new information. see cat say dog
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accomodation
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faced with something that doesnt fit- what do they change to understand. change some idea to understand cat.
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information processing
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what goes on in brain. structures of brain. how accomodate new info.
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cognitive neuroscience
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new technology used to understand brain activity. which part of hte brain is used at certain times.
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Ethological
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Bolby. approach to learning combining biology and evolution. survival of the fitest.
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contextual idea
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how society/environment helps shape learning.
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Bioecological approah
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bronfenbrenner. we are not in our own world in learning. we are in the middle surrounded by many systems.
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sociocultural learning
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vigotsky. zone of proximal development.
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zone of proximal development
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learning zone. needs help from others to be brought there. not too hard...not too easy.
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scaffolding
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children don't learn by themselves. they need parents, teachers, siblings, to help with learning
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scientific method
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identify problem, hypothesis, collect dat, analyze data, publish findings
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data collection: self reports
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journals, interviews, questionnaires
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behavioral and performance measures
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valid, reliable, standardized
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types of observations
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naturalistic(playground) laboratory
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Longitudinal Research design
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one child or group. long term situation. very expensive. need guarantee the family will cooporate for a number of years.
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cross-sectional study
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pices of groups. 2 kids from grade 2 and 2 kids from grade 5. much quicker than longitudinal. con- 2 kids cannot accuratly portray entired 2 and5 grade population.
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sequential research design
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combine both. 2 from each but follow for years and see how they change. depends on who will still with the research for that long
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ethics
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don't use real names. respece. informed consent.
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zygote
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formed when egg and sperm unite
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dizygotic twin
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two eggs
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monozygotic twin
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one egg. identical. same genetic makeup.
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temperament.
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way we present ourselves. shy, enthusiastic. mono twins have diff temp.
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infertility
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must have tried for 12-18 months.
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reasons for infertility
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male may have low sperm count. female may have blocked phalopean tubes.
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phenotype
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what you look like physcially.
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genotype
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cannot see. why you look the way you look.
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is brown hair dominant or recessive
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dominant
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cephalocaudal principle
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we grow head to tail. heard first which is why it is so big when first born.
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proximodistal principle
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growth starts in middle and goes out.
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stages of development
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germinal, zygote, embryonic, fetal
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germinal stage
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begins at fertilization and lasts two weeks
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zygote
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most women don't know they're pregnant at this stage.
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embryonic stage
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2-8 wks. an embrio is growing inside. spontaneous abortion(miscarage) many women still don't know they're pregnant.
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fetal stage
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8 wks-birth. much growth. organs forming. fetal activity. sensory development memory.
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sensory devlopment memory
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baby respons to mothers voice respond to women
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sensory development memory
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baby responds to mothers voice. respond to women rather than men. respond to native language more than othres.
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Teratogenic Influences-list 4
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drugs, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
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nicotine
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115,000 deaths per yr. more chance to be born with low birth weight. child born prematurely. greater risk for cancer.
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caffeine
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no definate research
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maternal nutrition
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eating healthy. fetus will always take what it needs. eating nutritious and with more calories is best for mom and baby.
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3 types of prenatal assessment
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ultrasound, amnicentesis, cvs
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ultrasound
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common for most women. used to measure growth, age, how many, structural abnomalities, gender.
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amnicentesis
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sample of amniofluid taken. only recommended to women over 35. occurs at 15-18 wks of pregnancy. tests for abnomalities.
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CVS
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test for abnormalities. 8-13 wks. option for more women than the amniocentesis.
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maternal age
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over 35- increased risk for more complications during pregnacy and @ child birth. also teen parents at risk.
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paternal risks
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if he's been exposed to led, smoked marajuana, tobaco, radiation. effects sperm. can cause abnormalities.
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outside environmental hazards
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chemicals, radiation
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parturition
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woman's body getting ready to have baby. 2 wks before birth. estrogen will rise. uterus contracts. cervix gets bendy.
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4 stages of child birth
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dialation of cervix. descent and emergence of baby. expultion of umbilical cord and placental. contraction of the uterus, recovery of the mother.
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what happens during dialtion of cervix
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painful contractions, cervix is widening.
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electronic fetal monitor checks for...
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fetal heartbeat
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3 methods of delivery
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cesarean, natural, prepared
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cesarean
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taken from abdomen. horizontal cut. emergency or often won't do vaginal birth after cesarean has ever been done.
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prepared birth
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more social support. coach for breathing. someone to take your mind off the pain.
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what percentage of women choose hospital settings
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99%
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nurse midwifes
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R.N. aprentus ships. attend childbirth. at home or hopsital along with doctor. if the woman is at low risk might choose midwife.
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medicated and unmedicated delivery
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rarely unconcious. epidural in spine cuts of feeling waste down. meds cross into bloodstream. mom and baby may seem wide awake or grogy.
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Neonatal period
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first month of life
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size and appearance
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20inches. 7.5 pounds. boys longer and heavier. first borns way the least.
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what will happen to neonate in for 2-3 days
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will loose 10% weight...water weight
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what percentage of the body is the head
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25%
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fontonels
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soft spong. skull is sparate pieces so they can shift to fit through vaginal canal. fuse after 6 mnths.
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lanugo
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fur/hair that covers body. coating of hair. lost in first few days
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vernix caseosa
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oily substance covering body. protects against infections
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anoxia
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loss of oxygen
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meconium
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fetal waste. green black tar
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neonatal jaundice
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problem with liver. happens to 50% of babies. soved by putting baby under flourecent light.
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apgar scale
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@1 min. and @5 min old. make sure healthy and at normal range. done to all children.
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brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment
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takes 30 min. tests that a child is behaving ok. tests reflexes. not done to all children.
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birth trauma
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injuries sustained during birht. due to oxygen...physical injury...would find during assessment
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complications of birth list 5
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low weight, preterm baby, small, postmature infant, protective factors,
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low weight
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less than 5.5 lbs. premature. low weight for age.
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preterm baby
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born before 37th wk of gestation
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small for gestational age infants
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less than 90% weight of other babies that were born at same age.
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postmature infants
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42 wks and older. often thin babies. don't get adiquate blood supply.
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protective factors
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ifluences an infant will have to fight off compolications-temperment, healthy sucking, reflexes, caring adult to do all right things, community @ large.
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imprinting
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forms bond with first thing it sees-animal instinct
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what happens to marriage when baby is born
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marrital satisfaction declines. all love going to baby.
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