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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Galton (1822-1911)
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-believed intelligence is inherited
-developed concept of fixed intelligence and a test for testing i.q. -everything was due to hereditary factors -devoted life to EUGENICS, improve human species by selective parenthood -believed i.q. could be measured by reaction time |
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Binet (1857-1911)
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-helped retarded children
-no child be placed in special school without undergoing his tests -tested using Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale where a question can be answered by 75% of the age group -a child with mental age two years below is considered retarded |
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Stern
(1871-1938) |
-coined the term IQ
= (mental age)/(chronological age) |
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Bingham
(1880-1952) |
-conducted tests during world war I
-higher iq = higher positions |
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Terman
(1877-1956) |
-modified Binet-Simon Scale at Stanford
-test starts at age 2 up to adult iq -wanted to identify children with gifted IQ -hypothesized that these children would be great adults but actually didnt look different from average and above average |
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Ratio IQ
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formulas devised by Stern and Terman
-ratio between mental age and chronological age |
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Two most used IQ tests in USA?
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1. Stanford-Binet
2. Wechsler Intelligence Scales |
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Wechsler
(1896-1981) |
-developed Wechsler Intelligence Scale
-psychologist at Bellevue Psychiatric hospital in NY -tests for 3 different age groups: WIPPSI for young children (3 to 6.5) WISC for school aged children (6 to 16) WIAS for adults (16 +) |
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what is considered mental retardation?
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-under 18
-IQ of 70 or less |
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Plato
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-Greek Philosopher
-IQ 195 |
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Hypatia
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Eqyptian Scholar
-IQ >200 -regarded as one of first female mathematician |
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Rene Descartes
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IQ 180
-applied algebra to geometry |
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Blaise Pascal
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-IQ 195
-French Mathematician -"Pascal's triangle" -theory of probabilities |
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Gottfriend von Leibniz
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IQ >200
-invented differential calculus |
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Sir Isaac Newton
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-laid foundation for modern science and revolutionized the world
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Emanuel Swedenborg
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Universal Genius from Sweden
-made sketches of futuristic machines inc. airplane, submarine, air gun -famous for work involving cerebral cortex |
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Marie Curie
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-first person to receive nobel prize in 2 fields
-prize was shared unlike pualing's -physics and chemistry |
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Linus Pauling
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-first person to receive nobel prize unshared
-chemistry and peace |
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MENSA
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association of ppl with high IQ (145+)
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Spearman's G
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general mental ability
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Philip Vernon
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-believed that after the influence of G (general mental ability) is removed, the two remaining abilities are:
-verbal education -practical/mechanical IQ |
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Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence
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fluid = stable genetic component of IQ
crystallized = knowledge acquired |
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What stopped IQ testing in the US?
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civil rights movements in the 50's and 60's stopped IQ scores in placing children in retarded and gifted categories
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Hans Eysenck
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controversial theorist that used behavior genetics to investigate nature of individual differences
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intelligence
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the ability to learn, understand and cope with new environment
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What is considered a "genius"?
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scoring above 145 on IQ
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universal genius
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above average genius in all intellectual areas
i.e. Leonardo da Vinci |
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distributed intelligence
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we function more intelligently when we have support to do so
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dip stick intelligence
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idea of measuring someone's iq by testing is equal to dipping a stick in a car to see how much oil
-only samples one moment at a time -culture dictates what is important for test but culture varies |
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floor and ceiling effects in IQ testing
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-current testing methods are not sensitive enough to distinguish profound and severe retardation classes
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What did Sternberg believe about intelligence?
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Sternberg believes that intelligence involves:
1. prior experience which helps deal with new task 2.select environment that helps adapt to behavior for success 3.cognitive processes. identify problem-solving strategies, think on how to solve issues |
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According to Sternberg, how many types of independent intelligence are there and what are they?
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According to Sternberg, there are 3 types of intelligence:
1. Analytical intelligence -puzzles, analogies 2. Creative Intelligence -make something into something unique 3. Practical Intelligence -"street" smarts. ability to solve real life problems |
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Elaborate on Gardner's ideas about intelligence
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-focused on gifted education
believed there are 8 independent intelligence as opposed to sternberg's 3 MISBILLN 1. linguistic -use language effectively 2.logical-mathematical intelligence -ability to reason logically, solve math problems 3. spatial -notice details of what one sees and imagine objects in mind 4.musical intelligence -create/compose musical work 5.bodily-kinesthetic intelligence -use one's body skillfully 6.interpersonal intelligence -notice other people's behavior 7.intrapersonal -aware of one's own feelings/desires 8. naturalistic -recognize patterns in nature, farming, hunting, etc |
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Asperger’s Syndrome
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autism disorder
-difficulties in social interaction -restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior and interests |
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Spearman’s ideas
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Intelligence consists of two kinds of factors:
1. General mental ability or g which underlies all intellectual abilities 2. Sets of specific abilities which are not interrelated to each other |
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Vernon’s and Cattell’s model of IQ
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Vernon believed that
-main abilities of iq are verbal/education and practical/mechanical Cattell believed that -abilities that increase with learning are called verbal while those that are constant with life are called performance |
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Synaptogenesis findings by Jay Giedd and colleagues
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people with high IQ: synaptogenesis occur later but cortext stays thicker
people with avg IQ: synaptogenesis occurs earlier but cortex thinner because of synaptic pruning |
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synthesia
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-condition in which stimulation to one sensory pathway leads to automatic experiences in another
i.e. taste a color or feel a sound -Daniel Tammet sees shapes and colors and can relate to numbers |
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compare leonardo and sidis
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socially:
- sidis was socially inept - everyone loved leonardo -according to Vasari, "Leonardo's disposition was so lovable that he commanded everyone's affection" -leo had a quirky sense of humor -both would want to live a life of recluse -leo: "alone you are yourself, with a companion you are half of yourself" -both were generally misunderstood -sidis called a child prodigy -leo was claimed to be dyslexic -while sidis could learn a language in a day -leonardo invented military machines |
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What are three types of attention systems?
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1. arousal
-particular areas are active during particular kinds of attention 2. bottom-up -from thalamus to pre-frontal cortex, directs incoming information 3. top-down -cortex to subcortex. allows for higher level thinking. focused on one thing at a time. |
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Thalamus
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makes decision on where incoming sensory info goes
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reticular activating system
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regulates arousal and sleep/wake time
-mediate transitions from wakefulness to brain attention |
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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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disengages attention, motor and cognitive flexibility.
directs top down attention system |
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Anterior Cingulate (aka medial prefrontal cortex)
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tells the thalamus to stop so you can focus and attend
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Selective Attention
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selecting the relevant info and ignoring useless
-shifting attention when needed |
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Sustained Attention
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concentrating longer than 15 minutes
-staying focused on info to get important info |
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Divided Attention
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focus on two things at the same time
-maintain one thing in memory while performing a second task |
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stephen wiltshire
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art savant
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kim peek
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photographic memory; also known as the rain man
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derreck paravicni
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musical savant
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daniel tammet
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mathematical savant
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what percent of ADHD children grow out of it?
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1/3 grows out of ADHD
2/3 stays in adults |
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What percent of preschoolers are rated inattentive and overactive?
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40%
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What is the ratio of ADHD from males to females?
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6:1
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What is the central factor of ADHD?
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Dopamine
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if parent has ADHD, there is a ___% chance that the child will have it
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57
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What is the Fritz Principle?
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do not deal with understanding differences in learning until you know how learning works
-should learn how things work before dealing with the problems |
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Levine's GFCFHEEE
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genes
family culture friends health emotion education environment |
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Levine's lumping vs. splitting
-when would one be more helpful than the other? |
lumping: places children into categories and then assumes all members of that cat are alike
splitting: believing children have more differences than resemblances lumping more helpful when using statistics splitting more helpful with accessing an individual's problem |
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According to Levine, why is use of the internet a mixed blessing?
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using internet for info can be useful
BUT many students use website to download info without fully understanding it which may lead to future modes of passive learning |
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What are Mel Levine's Attention System Controls?
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1. Mental Energy Controls
2. Intake Controls 3. Output Controls |
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Mental Energy Controls
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Alertness: be alert and get job done
Sleep and Arousal Balance Mental Effort: keep energy to finish task Performance Consistency: consistent effort everyday |
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Intake Control
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Mind Activity: tap into what you already know
Depth/Detail: knowing how much to focus on the details Satisfaction: learning material must be exciting or will lose interest Selection: determine what's important Span: ability to maintain focus and get job done |
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Output Control
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Quality Control: rate self
Reinforceability: low reinforceability means cannot learn from previous mistakes Options: pick best activity Previewing: look at choices and predict outcome Pacing: save energy |
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Name and give examples of the 8 intelligences in Gardner’s theory and the 3 in Sternberg’s theory.
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Gardner's MISBILLN
Sternberg's CAP -creative - make something unique -analytical -logic, IQ -practical - street smarts, social life problems |
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Why might Leonardo not score as high as Sidis on an IQ test?
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-Sidis was gifted in areas such as logical math and analytical intelligence (the foundation of IQ tests)
-Leonardo was more of an arts guy and was intelligent in other areas |
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What does the term “Affinity” mean? Why is it important when trying to help a child who is having trouble in school? Give an example.
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affinity = having a strong interest in something
-helps child with school because you can find a better way to teach the child if you find the affinity he/she has -if jon has trouble with math but has affinity for baseball, connect math with baseball stats |
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Compare and contrast Genius and Savant.
Use the IQ Bell Curve and other examples from class to support your discussion. Why were savants once called idiot savant? |
main difference between the two is that one is not a mental disability
-called idiot savant because french for idiot, "learned idiot" or knowledgeable idiot |
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Discuss the origins and history of intelligence testing. Be sure to include major figures and important events.
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Galton
-developed first intelligence tests by measuring reaction time -devoted life to Eugenics, improve human species by selective parenthood -founder of behavioral genetics Alfred Binet -made tests to determine what is considered retarded so schools know where to place children of certain mental retardation levels -Binet-Simon intelligence scales used to measure IQ Wilhelm Stern: -came up with IQ -(mental age)/(chronological age) Bingham: -screening tests at military for positions -Terman -modified binet-simon scale to find children with superior intelligence Weschler: -developed Weschler scales for 3 diff. age groups. ASP (oldest to youngest) |
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Explain the difference between ratio IQ and deviation IQ.
Why do researchers use deviation IQ when comparing groups of adults? |
ratio IQ =
-mental age/chronological age X 100 -not very useful since raw scores started to level off around the age of 16 thus deviation IQ replaced ratio IQ -compares people of same age or category and assumes mean is 100 and IQ is normally distributed with standard deviation of 15 |
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In chapter 2, Levine discusses lumping and splitting. What does he mean by these terms?
dentify which would be more likely to be used by clinicians and which would be more likely to be used by researchers and why? |
Splitter: assume all members of the category are different. Believe people are more different than similar
Lumping: putting children together, categories and assume they are alike. Clinicians would use splitter to help the child through their attention problems by observing their individual strengths and weaknesses. Each child is different Researchers would use lumping so that they can find common characteristics of a disorder such as attention problem to understand the disorder more. |
