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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What results in physical and hormonal changes for pregnant woman? |
processes of conception and fetal development |
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What do individuals who choose to become parents experience? |
psychological changes |
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What influences decision-making processes when considering parenthood? |
society and cultural norms |
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Pronatalism |
belief system that promotes childbearing |
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what do women experience cultural tension from? |
from choosing between valuing motherhood and valuing career success |
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What are men making critical decisions on? |
regarding career and family that favor more time and commitment to their families and children |
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Germinal period |
moment of conception- day 14 58% chance of failure |
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Embryonic Period |
14 days- 56 days major internal and external body structures begin to form 20% aborted spontaneously |
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fetal period |
ninth week-birth 5% of fetuses aborted at 22 weeks or stillborn after 22 weeks |
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birth |
31% survive to become living newborn babies |
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trimester |
one of three periods of approximately 3 months each that make up full term pregnancy |
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conception and the first trimester |
includes weeks 0-12 and begins after the first day of the last menstrual period ` |
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conception to 4 weeks |
less than 1/10 inch long, beginning development of spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart, and lungs, amniotic sac envelops the preliminary tissues of entire body called a zygote |
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8 weeks |
just over 1 inch long, face is forming with rudimentary eyes, ears, mouth, and tooth buds, arms and legs are moving, brain is forming, fetal heartbeat is detectable with ultrasound called an embryo |
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12 weeks |
is about 3 inches long ad weighs about 1 ounce can move arms, legs, fingers, and toes, fingerprints are present, can smile, frown, suck, and swallow, sex is distinguishable, can urinate, called a fetus |
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first trimester changes in pregnant women |
sensitive or swollen breasts, darkening of the areolas, nausea and fatigue, backaches and headaches, frequent urination, food cravings and aversions, morning sickness- nausea that is the result of increased hormones |
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first trimester changes in non-pregnant partners |
experience hopes, anxieties, fears, and questions, experience a growing connection with the child, reflect on the changes caused by the pregnancy to connect with their partner |
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16 weeks |
about 6 inches long and weighs about 4 to 7 ounces, heartbeat is strong, skin is thin, transparent, downy hair (lanugo) covers body, fingernails and toenails are forming, has coordinated movements, is able to roll over in amniotic fluid |
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20 weeks |
about 12 inches long and weighs close to 1 pound, heartbeat is audible with ordinary stethoscope, sucks thumb, hiccups, hair, eyelashes, eyebrows are present |
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24 weeks |
about 14 inches long and weighs 1 to 1/2 pounds, skin is wrinkled and covered with protective coating (vernix caseosa), eyes are open, waste matter is collected in bowel, has strong grip |
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second trimester changes in pregnant women |
begin to feel the fetus's movements, changes in skin coloration, swelling in the extremities, clumsiness, backaches and nosebleeds, heartburn and hemorrhoids |
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changes in non-pregnant partners |
couvade: male partners experience pregnancy symptoms similar to those of their pregnant partners |
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28 weeks |
is about 16 inches long and weighs about 3 pounds, is adding body fat, is very active, rudimentary breathing movements are present |
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32 weeks |
is 16 1/2 to 18 inches long and weights 4 to 5 pounds, has periods of sleep and wakefulness, responds to sounds, may assume the birth position, bones of head are soft and flexible, iron is being stored in liver |
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36 to 38 weeks |
is 19 to 20 inches long and weighs 6 to 7 1/2 pounds, skin is less wrinkled, vernix caseosa is thick, lanugo is mostly gone, is less active, is gaining immunities from mother |
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third trimester changes in pregnant women |
women begin to feel achy or tired because of the pressure and weight of the growing fetus, varicose veins and hemorrhoids, swelling in the legs and ankles, leg cramps and backaches, shortness of the breath, Braxton-Hicks contractions |
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third trimester changes in non-pregnant partners |
social and identity shifts occur, seek out other parents' advice about their new life experience |
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ectopic pregnancy |
complication in which a fertilized ovum grows outside the uterus, most commonly in the Fallopian tubes |
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ectopic pregnancy causes |
pain and internal bleeding if not detected early, fetal development and survival is impossible because they have no nutrients to help them continue to grow |
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miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) |
unintentional loss of an embryo or fetus during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy |
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stillbirth |
unintentional loss of a pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation |
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preterm (premature) |
birth of an infant less than 37 weeks after conception |
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risk factors for preterm birth |
having experienced preterm labor or delivery in a previous pregnancy, using chemical substances, carrying twins or multiple fetuses, having a cervix or uterus that is structurally abnormal, having abdominal surgical procedures during pregnancy, experiencing infections in either the urinary tract or the roots of the teeth, having had or currently having STI's, Being underweight prior to or during pregnancy, carrying a fetus with chromosomal disorders |
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Estriol |
Chemical found in women's saliva that may indicate preterm birth |
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Gestational diabetes |
condition of glucose intolerance that may occur during pregnancy, occurs when a woman's body does not produce enough insulin |
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risk factors for getting gestational diabetes |
age 30 or older, obesity, family history of type I or II diabetes, gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, previous baby weighing over 9.5 pounds |
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amniocentesis |
procedure done between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation, doctors removes a small amount of amniotic fluid via a needle in the abdomen to test for genetic abnormalities |
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Chronic villus sampling (CVS) |
procedure in which a small amount of tissue from the placenta is analyzed for genetic abnormalities, usually performed between the 10th and 12th week of the pregnancy |
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ultrasound |
form of screening used to monitor development of the fetus throughout a pregnancy |
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information an ultrasound can detect |
number of fetuses present, fetal growth, confirmation of due date, position of placenta |
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dilation |
expansion of the cervical opening (to approximately 10 cm) in preparation for birth |
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effacement |
thinning of cervical tissue that occurs in preparation for birth |
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contractions |
muscular movement that causes the upper part of the uterus to tighten and thicken while the cervix and lower portion of the uterus stretch and relax, helping the baby pass from the uterus into the birth canal for delivery |
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women in the USA have a greater lifetime risk of dying of |
pregnancy-related complications than 40 countries around the world |
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how many women die everyday from pregnancy-related causes |
more than 2 women |
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During 2004 and 2005 how many women nearly died in childbirth in the USA |
68,433 |
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what ethnicity of women is more than 4x likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than white women |
African American |
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what are the maternal mortality rations |
increased from a low of 6.6 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 13.3 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2006 |
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According to the CDC how many of all maternal deaths in the USA are preventable |
1/2 of all maternal deaths |
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5 main causes of maternal death in the USA |
embolism, hemorrhage, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, infection 13%, cardimyopathy |
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embolism 20% |
a blood clot that blocks an essential blood vessel, for example the lungs |
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Hemorrhage 17% |
severe blood loss |
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pre-eclampsia and eclampsia 16% |
disorders associate with excessively high blood pressure |
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cardimyopathy 8% |
heart muscle disease |
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what are the decisions that women reflect on when they are given options for childbirth |
desires for pain management, movement while laboring, birthing environment, partner involvement, medical interventions |
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midwife |
person who has been trained in most aspects of pregnancy, labor, and delivery but who is not a physician |
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doulas |
person trained in the process of labor and delivery and assists a midwife in childbirth |
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hydrotherapy |
use of a warm tub of water in the birth process to encourage relaxation |
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epidural |
doctor passes pain medication through a small tube that has been inserted at the base of a woman's spine |
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What are the four interventions widely used |
forcepts, vacuum extraction, episiotomy, and C-section |
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forceps |
metal instruments placed around the baby's head inside the birth canal to aid in the birth of the child |
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vacuum extraction |
The use of suction to assist in delivering the baby |
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Episiotomy |
An incision made in the perineum to create a larger space to deliver a baby |
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When making a birth plan women and partners should |
ask health care providers about views on labor and delivery and ask about the rate of C-section deliveries, forceps deliveries and episiotomies |
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postpartum depression |
months or first year following the birth of a child, psychological depressive disorder that may occur within 4 weeks following the birth of a child |
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what are the symptoms of postpartum depression? |
feelings of sadness, doubt, guilt, hopelessness, or anger, inability to sleep, sleeping most of the time, constant worry and anxiety about the baby, lack of interest in or feelings for the baby and family, panic attacks, thoughts of harm to the baby or to self, changes in appetite |
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when can women resume having vaginal intercourse after giving birth |
6 weeks after birth of a child |
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kegel exercises |
voluntary contraction and relaxation of pelvic floor muscles to help prevent urinary incontinence and slippage of uterus following childbirth |
