Hd Chapter 9: Physical, Cognitive, And Identity Development In Adolescence

Front 1

Puberty

Back 1

-sexual maturation at the completion of which males and females are fertile
-Pituitary gland stimulated by hypothalamus to produce hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands (testes and ovaries)
-androgens and estrogens promote primary and secondary sexual characteristics

Front 2

Primary sexual characteristic

Back 2

-Involved directly in reproduction (genitalia)

Front 3

Secondary sexual characteristics

Back 3

-Not directly involved in reproduction but indicative of sex (larger breasts in females, deeper voice in males)

Front 4

Physical sexual changes

Back 4

-appearance of pubic hair in both sexes
-growth of scrotum and testes in boys
-budding of breasts in girls
-Menarche in girls and spermarche in boys (important markers of maturation, but fertility may be delayed a year)

Front 5

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Back 5

-Rapid increase in size accompanied by changes in shape in proportions
-4 year span: average increase in height of 10 in, boys gain 42 lb, girls gain 38 lb
-Facial features like nose and ears grow before skull
-hands, feet, limbs grow before torso
-can be asymmetries

Front 6

Girls growth spurt

Back 6

Begins and ends about 2 years earlier than for boys

Front 7

Boys growth spurt

Back 7

size of lungs and heart increases more, thicker bones and more muscle tissue

Front 8

Behavioral changes with puberty

Back 8

-moodiness, conflict with parents, negative affect, risky behavior
-1/3 of teens experience depressed mood
-rates of clinical depression increase (same in adolescence as in adulthood, twice as much in females as males, 15-20% of 12-19 y/o)
-shift in sleep patterns

Front 9

Early Maturation in Girls

Back 9

-associated with moodiness and depressive symptoms, -behavioral problems
-target for teasing and innuendo
-more likely to have first sexual experience sooner

Front 10

Early Maturation in Boys

Back 10

-less moody and less depressed
-physical advantage over peers
-more confident, popular; leaders

Front 11

Female susceptibility to depression

Back 11

-Girls are more susceptible due to hormone differences and different social experiences
-Girls face more challenges to their self esteem and more problems in living than boys in early adolescence

Front 12

Female susceptibility to depression (continued)

Back 12

-by age 11 aware that their gender role is less valued
-worry more about appearance and weight
-lower expectations of success
-stress related to beginning to feel sexual desires
-difficulty interacted with mixed sex groups
-adolescent romantic involvement
-puberty is earlier
-ruminate as a coping style

Front 13

Rumination

Back 13

-more common in females as early as 4th and 5th grade
-Stable, emotion-focused coping style that increases risk of depression
-direct attention internally for negative feelings and thoughts
-increases duration and intensity of depressive episodes
-boys tend to use more distraction...increases feelings of control, optimism, and confidence

Front 14

Sexuality and sexual preference

Back 14

-adrenarche: adrenal glands increase activity before puberty (age 10); begninning of sexual attraction
-young adolescents seek out mixed gender groups
-early adolescence: sexual fantasizing, masturbating
-As many as %50 of young adolescents have sexual experience with members of same sex (function of opportunity)

Front 15

Changing Brain in puberty

Back 15

-"growth spurt" in synaptogenesis
-frontal lobes
-parietal lobes
-temporal lobes
-corpus callosum
-Myelination...faster information processing
-Synaptogenesis, pruning, and myelination...increased voluntary control of attention, maturing executive functions and integration of information

Front 16

Changing brain (continued)

Back 16

-Hormonal changes initiate a slow decrease in serotonin levels and increase in dopamine levels as well as enzymes that metabolize neurotransmitters (can cause mood issues and heightened sensitivity to stress)
-Increase in cortisol levels - increase in depression?
-overall growth increases cognitive potential enhancing the capacity for acquisition and integration of information

Front 17

Cognitive development

Back 17

-early adolescence...abstract content, hypothetical possibilities
-Formal operational thought: 11-12 y/o, Yellow candy experiment, understanding probability, coordinating multiple relationships, can be difficult for adults
-advancement in information processing in both speed and working memory
-better attentional control and inhibitory ability

Front 18

Cognitive Development (continued)

Back 18

-Formal thinking: ability to identify, organize, and draw inferences about complex abstract content
-Cognitive control: metacognitive understanding of strategy, intentional efforts to acquire, compare, and organize information
-ability to learn more advanced concepts(e.g. algebra, analysis of literature, testing hypotheses)
-advanced ability to engage in scientific problem solving, constructing ideals, and engaging in metacognitive thinking

Front 19

Scientific problem solving

Back 19

-Combinational logic: generating every possible hypothesis then testing them, systematic examination of results...considering all possibilities
-pattern of results leads to conclusions
-Ability to think about possibilities in terms of abstractions...not dependent on observations

Front 20

Constructing Ideals

Back 20

-ability to logically organize possible systems to contruct ideals
-may mentally create ideal political or religious systems, school, peers, parents, self, teachers...may make reality seem inadequate
-Zeal for reform and skepticism
-can contribute to crictical attitudes and skepticsim toward status quo
-Adolescents' failure to realize realistic limits, ideals is a form of egocentrism
-may related an increase in depression or eating disorders

Front 21

Advances in Metacognitive skill

Back 21

-planful and organized thinking about one's own thought process
-more likely to be introspective and think critically about themselves
-increase in self evaluation and self monitoring...another form of egocentrism
-intensely self focused
-imaginary audience
-personal fable: my experience in unique
-invincibility fable

Front 22

Adolescent Identity Development by James Marcia

Back 22

-Diffusion: young adolescents
-Moratorium: explore, but lack commitment
-Foreclosure: make commitments but with little or no exploration of alternatives...usually young adolescents who incorporate values and goals of significant others without own personal reflection
-Identity Achievement: development has been marked by exploration and commitment to certain alternatives...decided on plan, but may be revised as needed

Front 23

Diffusion qualities

Back 23

-lack both exploration and commitment
-not actively involved in exploring life choices
-can be problematic in early childhood
-associated with lowest levels of autonomy and highest rates of anxiety

Front 24

Moratorium

Back 24

-Look towards future, shaped by own decision making constructed identity
-may demonstrate frequent shifts in goals and chanes in behavior (active experimentation)
-associated with highest rates of anxiety
-lowest levels of obedience to authority

Front 25

Foreclosure

Back 25

-commitments are premature and obligated or constrained
-very early marriage or settling early on a career may be examples
-conferred identity
-proceed into future with the goals and values of early adolescence intact and experience few difficulties along the way
-associated with religiosity

Front 26

Identity Achievement

Back 26

-Identity constructed by own efforts to shape lives
-associated with higher rates of well-being, internal locus of control, and autonomy