Hd Chapter 4 Terms

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anxiety

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unpleasant emotion associated with a general sense of danger--the feeling that something bad is going to happen.

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trait anxiety

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reflects an individual's general tendency to respond to a wide variety of situations with more or less anxiety

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state

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individual's level of anxiety in response to a specific situation

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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experience chronic and pervasive anxiety; they feel tense and worried most of the time, which causes them distress and interferes with their functioning.

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Panic Disorder

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experience discrete episodes of intense terror--known as panic attacks--in which they feel overwhelmed by anxiety and have a strong urge to escape or get help.

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Phobias

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persistent and exaggerated fears of particular objects or situations

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Social Phobia

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fears are focused on social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged, such as speaking in public or meeting new people

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Agoraphobia

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afraid of wide-open or crowded places and are often reluctant to leave their own homes

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specific phobia

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refers to any phobia that is not a social phobia or an agoraphobia

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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a condition involving repetitive, unwanted, anxiety-producing thoughts and compulsive rituals intended to protect against anxiety

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obsession

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unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses

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compulsions

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irrational rituals that are repeated over and over again in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by the obsessions

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trauma

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an emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a real or perceived possibility of death or serious injury to oneself or a loved one

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acute stress disorder

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if symptoms of trauma persist for more than 2 days, but less than a month, and cause significant distress or impairment

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PTSD

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when symptoms last for more than one month, or begin more than a month after the trauma

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flashback

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a person feels as if he or she is reliving thea actual trauma, even when in a safe and familiar environment

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nervios

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describes a range of symptoms of nervous distress similar to those listed in the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of GAD

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ataque de nervios

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used in some Latino cultures to describe an episode of intense anxiety similar to a panic attack

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shenjin shuairou

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syndrome which shares similarities with the DSM-IV-TR description of both anxiety and mood disorders

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taijin kyofusho

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characterized by anxiety that one's body or aspects of one's body will be displeasing or offensive to others in terms of appearance, smell, or physical movement

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autonomic nervous system

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regulates involuntary bodily systems; response to fear and anxiety

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sympathetic system

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activates survival responses to perceived threats

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fight-or-flight response

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prepares animals to flee or attack when faced with danger

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limbic system

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includes amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus

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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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works to suppress nervous system activity

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norepinephrine

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another neurotransmitter, plays active role in functioning of locus coeruleus

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locus coeruleus

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part of the brain stem associated with a citation of the sympathetic nervous system

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serotonin

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can have anxiety-producing or anxiety-reducng effects based on region of the brain in which it is released and type of receptor that is activated by it

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barbiturates

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powerful sedating drugs such as Amytal were widely used to treat anxiety symptoms until 1950s, when it became apparent that they were dangerously addictive

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benzodiazepines

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also physically addictive, undesirable side effects, ineffective

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SSRIs

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Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil

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tricyclic antidepressants

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Elavil, Sinequan, Tofranil

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beta-blockers

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decrease activity of norepinephrine and benzodiazapines are sometimes prescribed when social phobias are limited to circumscribed situations and can only be taken on a limited basis

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azaspirones

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help regulate serotonin, sometimes used to treat GAD

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temporal contiguity

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beginning to associate two events together because they occur closely together in time

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negatively reinforced

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increasing probability of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimuli when eh behavior occurs

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extinction

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deconditioning, or unlearning of the phobia

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prepared conditioning

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human smay have a genetic predisposition to fear once-dangerous objects and situations such as snakes and heights because our ancestor who shared such fears are more likely to have survived to contribute to the gene pool

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systematic desensitization

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relaxation training and construction of a fear hierarchy

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in vivo desensitization

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actual physicla exposure to a feared object

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covert desensitization

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client imagines the frightening object or situation, while using techniques to combat anxiety

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flooding

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clients are directly confronted with the object/situation that they fear, but without working through a fear hierarchy first

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interoceptive exposure

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clients are encouraged to run up and down stairs to increase heart rates in order to induce panic-like symptoms

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exposure and response prevention

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clients encouraged to entertain disturbing thoughts while they are prohibited from performing rituals

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prolonged imaginal exposure

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clients are encouraged to recount all events surrounding traumatic experience and describe trauma as if it were happening all over again

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cognitive schemas

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believes and assumptions are part of general thought patterns

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cognitive distortions

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biased thought processes, that contribute to the maladaptive interpretation of events

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dichotomous reasoning

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a cognitive distoriton involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes

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catastrophizing

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a cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minor problems as major catastrophes

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labeling

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a cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis of global, not specific, features

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personalization

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a cognitive distortion in which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event

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Oedipus complex

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a phase during normal development when children desire an exclusive loving relationship with the parent of the opposite sex

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projection

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an internal feeling that seems dangerous or unacceptable is attributed to someone or something else

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isolation of affect

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unwanted thoughts and impulses are treated as if they were not connected to one's actual feelings and past experiences but are simply disturbing intrusions

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undoing

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the magical use of ritualized actions to "undo" a troublesome thought or impulse, relates to the compulsions of OCD

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maladaptive emotional scheme

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parents who fail to provide their children with unconditional positive regard promote the development of maladaptive emotional scheme

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HPA axis

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responds to stressful experiences by releasing stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol into the bloodstream