Hd: Brain Anatomy And Functions

Front 1

Tissue types

Back 1

1. grey
2. white

Front 2

Grey matter

Back 2

1. mostly cell bodies (soma)
2. shorter distance/local communication

Front 3

White matter

Back 3

1. mostly myelinated axons
2. longer distance transmission

Front 4

CSF

Back 4

1. nourishes/protects/cushions brain
2. produced and stored in ventricles
3. lateral ventricles are the largest ones

Front 5

meninges

Back 5

1. protective sheath around brain and spinal cord
2. dura matter, arachnoid layer, pia matter`

Front 6

meningitis

Back 6

inflammation of meninges due to bacterial or viral infection

Front 7

major divisions of the brain

Back 7

1. cerebral cortex
2. limbic system
3. brainstem & cerebellum

Front 8

cerebellum

Back 8

1. integrates sensory input
2. tracks timing of events
3. muscle coordination
4. motor control -- fluidity (ex: pianist, pitcher)

Front 9

superior colliculus

Back 9

1. brain stem
2. visual processing

Front 10

inferior colliculus

Back 10

1. brain stem
2. auditory processing

Front 11

medulla oblongata

Back 11

1. relays signals (brain-spinal cord)
2. controls autonomic functions (heart/glands)
3. brain stem

Front 12

pons

Back 12

1. relays sensory information (brain-cerebellum)
2. controls arousal
3. regulates respiration
4. brainstem

Front 13

hypothalamus

Back 13

1. master control of homeostasis
2. feeding
3. temperature reg
4. sexual behavior

Front 14

thalamus

Back 14

1. central relay center for incoming sensory info
2. not a passive "Middle man"
3. active & modulatory

Front 15

brainstem

Back 15

1. breathing, heart rate, respiration
2. visual and auditory functions (reflexive)

Front 16

basal ganglia

Back 16

1. components: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
2. motor control
3. eye movements
4. cognitive/emotional function

Front 17

limbic system

Back 17

1. comprises: amygdala (emotion processing), hypothalamus, cingulate cortex (interconnected region), anterior thalamus, mamilliary bodies, hippocampus (memory - verbal/left and spatial/right; pattern memory)
2. emotional regulation
3. memory, cognitive control

Front 18

gyri

Back 18

1. series of bumps/ridges containing neurons
2. maximizes surface area of brain

Front 19

sulci

Back 19

1. in-foldings, crevices between gyri
2. deep sulci = fissures

Front 20

cerebral cortex

Back 20

1. four lobes (frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal)
2. major dividers: central sulcus, lateral/Sylvian fissure, longitudinal fissure

Front 21

longitudinal fissure

Back 21

separates hemispheres

Front 22

central sulcus

Back 22

1. separates frontal and parietal lobes
2. dorsal

Front 23

lateral fissure/Sylvan fissure

Back 23

1. separates frontal and temporal
2. more medial (lateral view)

Front 24

3 majors operations of CNS neurons

Back 24

1. input: registration of sensory stimuli
2. output: execution of motor acts
3. intermediate processing

Front 25

Major processing zones of cerebral hemispheres

Back 25

1. primary sensory
2. primary motor
3. association cortex

Front 26

primary sensory inputs (5 senses and location)

Back 26

1. somatosensory (touch) = post-central gyrus
2. vision = occiptial lobe (primary visual cortex)
3. audition = superior temporal lobe (Heschl's Gyrus)
4. olfaction = orbitofrontal cortex
5. taste = insula and limbic sytem

Front 27

outputs (action)

Back 27

voluntary motor action = pre-central gyrus

Front 28

homunculus

Back 28

1. motor - primary motor cortex
2. somatosensory - somatosensory cortex

Front 29

Frontal lobes

Back 29

1. division: dorsolateral, ventrolateral, medial, orbitofrontal
2. planning, judgment, initiative, decision making, executive control functions
3. highest level of human functioning (empathy, interpersonal behaviors, humor appreciation)

Front 30

parietal lobes

Back 30

1. integrating information from various modalities
2. sensory and mnemonic information
3. internal state and external reality
4. specific role in skilled representational motor movement
5. egocentric spatial processing, spatial integration/relations

Front 31

temporal lobes

Back 31

1. auditory processing (superior temporal gyrus)
2. emotion (medial/temporal poles)
3. memory (medial structures)
4. language (lateral temporal regions)
5. visual object recognition (inferior temporal gyrus)

Front 32

corpus callosum

Back 32

connects two hemispheres

Front 33

patient data

Back 33

1. signs: objective abnormalities (eye movements, tremor)
2. symptoms: subjective sensations (headaches, blurred vision)
3. syndromes: constellation of signs/symptoms

Front 34

correlation

Back 34

1. a linear relationship between two variables
2. positive (+ slope) or negative (- slope)

Front 35

causation

Back 35

producing an effect

Front 36

two errors in causal reasoning from a correlations

Back 36

1. wrong direction: even if causative, cannot say if A causes B, or B causes A
2. missing third variable: possibility of a unmeasured third variable that is the underlying cause for both measured variables

**only controlled experimental manipulation give you the ability to determine which variable is causal

Front 37

phrenology

Back 37

1. different cognitive functions localized to different brain regions
2. sizes of bumps on skull could tell you which functions were highly developed in an individual
3. bad methodology (pseudoscience) but localization concept is important

Front 38

causes of neurological problems

Back 38

1. vascular disorders: stroke, hemorrhage
2. tumor
3. degenerative disorders
4. trauma
5. viral infection, loss of oxygen, nutritional

Front 39

Alzehimers

Back 39

plaques & tangles

Front 40

Parkinson's

Back 40

loss of dopamine neurons

Front 41

Huntington's

Back 41

basal ganglia atrophy

Front 42

Picks'

Back 42

fronto-temporal atrophy

Front 43

Neuropsychology experiments

Back 43

1. look at damaged brains
2. ***** mental abilities via cognitive testing
3. attempt to link cognitive deficits to damage in specific regions in brain

Front 44

single dissociations

Back 44

1. patient A can do X but not Y (easier to make causal relationship)
2. one patient

Front 45

double dissociation

Back 45

1. patient A can do X but not Y, and patient B can do Y but not X (eg. Broca's vs Wernicke's -- comprehension vs production)
2. two patients involved
3. provide strong evidence for separate processes (Broca vs Wernike regions)

Front 46

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 46

1. way to simulate brain lesion
2. desynchronizes neurons under devise

Front 47

functional imaging

Back 47

tells us about what the brain does (brain in action)

Front 48

structural imaging

Back 48

provides a static look at the structure of a brain

Front 49

structural brain imaging tests

Back 49

1. CT
2. MRI (T1 & T2, DTI)
3. PET (FDG & PiB)

Front 50

Computerized Tomography (CT)

Back 50

1. ray taken around head and constructed into 3d image
2. poor resolution
3. white/gray matter

Front 51

Structural MRI

Back 51

1. resolution much better
2. T1: gray matter is white, vice verse
3. T2 gray matter is white, vice verse

Front 52

Structural MRI DTI

Back 52

1. water pathways
2. reconstruct fiber pathways/axon pathways
3. shows how everything is connected (tractography)

Front 53

PET

Back 53

1. good spatial resolution, bad temporal
2. used in functional imaging too (injection of radioactive water and measures the location in the brain as it accumulates)
3. injection of radioactive water w/ fast-decaying tracer isotopes into blood stream
4. measures location
5. correlation method

Front 54

PET FED

Back 54

1. glucose metabolism shoes how healthy tissue is
2. functional measure

Front 55

PET PiB

Back 55

1. radioactive isotope tagging
2. tags Beta-amyloid (which is released during death of neurons/atrophy of brain)
3. may be diagnostic of Alzheimers

Front 56

Functional imaging

Back 56

1. EEG
2. MEG
3. Single cell recordings
4. ECoG
5. PET
6. fMRI

Front 57

EEG

Back 57

1. high temporal resolution, low spatial resolution
2. hard to localize
3. measure summed activity of large number of synchronously active neurons
4. changes in signal implies function of mental activity

Front 58

MEG

Back 58

looks at electrochemical changes

Front 59

single cell recordings

Back 59

1. records action potentials from nearby neurons or single neurons
2. can understand computations of individual neurons in different areas
3. can measure number of locations at same time
4. not necessarily causal

Front 60

ECoG

Back 60

1. used in epilepsy patients
2. records and stimulate electrons directly on brain

Front 61

PET and fMRI

Back 61

1. vary cognitive task and measure difference in blood flow/oxygenation level
2. use cognitive tasks to determine relative activity (not aboslute)
3. PET is a correlation method

Front 62

fMRI

Back 62

1. "work horse" for cognitive neuroscience
2. no need for radioactive isotopes
3. sensitive to blood O2 level changes; response reflects increased blood flow to blood oxygenation level
4. delivery of blood is localized
5. figure out which brain images are active
6. decent (Not good) spatial resolution; poor temporal resolution
7. not precise for BOLD imaging

Front 63

disadvantages to studying neurology/neuropsychology

Back 63

1. somebody is suffering brain damage
2. not controlled
3. damage is not always localized (other functions could be impaired)
4. damage is not consistant from person to person
5. normal function: repaired brain is not a normal brain