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62 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Piagets stage for ages 0-2 years the child learns by doing,looking,sucking,touching.
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Sensorimotor
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Piaget. The individual demonstrates abstract thinking...
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Formal operations
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Was a developmentalist with a focus on cognitive development. Developed 4 stages of cognitive development.
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Piaget
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Piaget. The child uses language...
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Preoperational
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Piaget's stage of development from 2-7 years old...
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Preoperational.
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Piaget-egocentrism is evident
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Preoperational
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Preoperational is age 18-24 mos. By age 2 the child can use symbols both to think and to communicate: he develops the ability to take others points of view,classify objects, and use simple logic by the end of this stage.
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Piaget-age 7-11
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Concrete operations
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Piaget 12 + years
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Formal operations
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Piaget object performance
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Sensorimotor
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Six different stages noted in the infant from 0-24 months. Piaget's first stage of development in which infants use info. from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world.
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Piaget. The beginning of conservation marks the end of this stage...
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Preoperational
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According to Piaget, the 18-24 month old child begins to use images, symbols or words or actions that stand for something else. Has difficulty thinking logically still. A broom may become a horse or a block may become a train. Looks at things entirely from their own point of view known as egocentrism.
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Piaget's Logic, deductive reasoning, comparison and classification.
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Formal operations
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Piaget's 12 and over stage in which adolescents learn to think logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. Piaget's cognitive stages are listed as... Sensorimotor 0-18 mos.
Preoperational 18 mos-6 years Concrete operational 6-12 years. Formal operations 12+ |
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Piaget. Conservation, reversibility, serial ordering and the mature understanding of cause and effect relationships.
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Concrete operations
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Primary understanding of cause and effect relationships.
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Sensorimotor
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Piaget's first stage of development in which infants use information from their senses and motor actions to learn about the world.
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Piaget. Object performance appears at what age?
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9 Mos. old
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which is the only research method that can determine cause and effect?
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Experiment
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Which research method is associated with observer bias?
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Naturalistic observer
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Observation of people in their natural environments. There can be observer bias because,for example, if a researcher is observing older adults and is convinced that they have poor memories, he is likely to ignore any behavior that goes against this view. Because of observer bias, naturalistic observation studies often use "blind" observers who don't know what the research is about. Sometimes two observers are used so the observations can be checked against eachother.
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The strength of this method or research is that the researcher has control.
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Experiment
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A biased sample is associated with this kind of research method.
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case study
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Are in depth examinations of single individuals. To test the hypothesis about memory and age, we could use a case study comparing one individuals scores on tests of memory in early and late adulthood. Such a study might tell us a lot about the stability or unstability of memory in the individual studied, but we wouldn't know if it applied to others.
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The strength of this research method includes the ability of gathering large amounts of information from many people in a short amount of time...
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Survey
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The strength of this method includes intensive information can be gathered about individuals and it's weaknesses is time consuming and costly...
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case study
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In depth examination of single individuals.
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What is the goal of developmental research?
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To discover the developmental similarities, differences, patterns and trends of the population being studied.
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What is the quantitative research?
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Information that is collected and assigned a number representation of importance.
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When information is collected through a test researchers try to insure that the test is...
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valid and reliable
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A test that measures what it's purpose is said to be makes the test...
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Valid
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Define reliable testing..
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Provides consistent results even when adminisstered on different occasions.
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To analyze reliable data, scientists use math procedures known as statistics to describe and draw inferences from data. What are the 2 most common types of statistics?
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Inferential and descriptive
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Which type of research method is typically clinical in scope?
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case study
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What type of research method is typically clinical in scope.
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Case study
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Name 4 other methods of the study of human development
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Cross sectional
Longitudinal Cross sequential Cross cultural |
Cross cultural research helps developmentlists identify specific variables that explain cultural differences. Pg. 21.
Cross sequential research combines both longitudinal and cross sectional studies. Cross sectional studies is assessing different ages at the same time. Longitudinal research assess change over an extended period of time. |
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What type of research is designed to reveal variations across diffferent groups of people...
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Cross cultural
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A type of gene that can alter a specific trait, these genes can determine height or skin color...
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Additive genes
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A genotype is the potential one has to acquire a gene from their parents. A phenotype is the gene the person has which is easily observable.
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Adolescent thinking that leads young people to think of themselves with the exclusion of others, and believing that their thoughts, feelings or experiences are unique.
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adolescent egocentrism
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The various opportunities for perception action and interaction that an object or place offers to an individual.
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affordances
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Theorist associated with affordances
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Gibson
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Affordances are a visual clue to the function of an object.
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Age of viability, ability to live outside the womb..
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22 weeks
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Disease marked by plaquesof B amyloid protein and tangles in the brain...
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alzheimers
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The balance of gender characteristics within the individual usually occurs in middle age...
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androgyny
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nullifies the effects of 02 radicals
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antioxidants
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Oxidation helps to transfer some types of cholesterol into a form that adheres to arterie walls,narrowing them and increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke. Free radicals are molecules or atoms that posess an unpaired electron, are a normal by-product of body metabolism and also arise as a result of exposure to certain substances in food, sunlight,xrays, or air pollution. pg. 469
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A disorder where communication is mastered, but has unusual difficulty with social perceptions and skills. Also called high functioning Autism.
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Aspberger's
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A disorder characterized by the inability or unwillingness to communicate with others, poor social skills and diminished imagination and sometimes aggressive behavior.
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Autism
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What are the 5 big personality traits?
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extroversion, aggreeableness, conscienciousness, neuroticism and openness.
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O
C E A N |
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Part of human development that includes physical growth, and development as well as the family, community and cultural factors that affect growth and development.
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Biosocial domain of development
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The idea that a small action may set a series of powerful changes.
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Butterfly effect
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Research method of a single individual
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case study
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The ball of clay and rolling it into a long piece demonstrates this.
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The tendency to focus on one way of thinking and perceiving wothout any alternatives allowed.
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centration
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A person switching from one form of language to the other...
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code switching
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The part of human development that includes all the mental processes through which the individual thinks, learns and communicates and the institutions that involve learning and communicating.
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Cognitive domain
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The learning theory is associated with ...
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conditioning
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2 types of conditioning...
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operant and classical
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Operant conditioning is learned responses and Classical conditioning is unlearned responses such as salivation.
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1 stimulus is associated with another
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classical
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Learning happens when neutral stimuli become so strongly associated with natural stimuli that they elicit the same response.
Operant conditioning is when development involves behavior changes that are shaped by reinforcement and punishment. |
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A response is learned gradually through reinforcements...
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operant
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Learning to repeat or stop behavior because of their consequences. B.F Skinner.
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Classical conditioning
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Pavlov
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learning that results from the association of stimuli. For example, salivation happens naturally when you put food in your mouth. The food is the unconditioned response (unlearned, natural), salivating is the unconditioned response. Food odors eventually become the conditioned (learned) response that elicits salivation.
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Operant conditioning
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Skinner
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Operant conditioning is learning to repeat or stop behaviors becauseof their consequences.
Classical conditioning is learning that results from the association of stimuli. |
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The concept associated with the total number of something is the same no matter what it's in or how it's arranged.
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Conservation
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Conservation is associated with who?
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Piaget
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The understanding that matter does not change in quantity when it's appearance changes.
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Conservation is at what stage of development?
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Concrete operational stage
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A set of mental schemes including reversibility, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and serial ordering, that enable children to understand relations among objects.
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The theory that each person experiences the changes of late adulthood and behaves towards others in much the same way as earlier periods of life.
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Continuity theory
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A theory which holds that the way people think and understand the world shapes their perceptions, attitudes and actions.
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Cognitive theory
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Developed by Piaget. Wondered how thinking develops and was struck by the fact that all children seem to go through the same sequence of discoveries about their world, making the same mistakes and arriving at the same solutions. For example, all 3 and 4 year olds seem to think that if water is poured from a short, wide glass into a taller, narrower one, then there is no more water, because the water level is higher in the narrow glass than it was in the wide glass. We use our schemes which are an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow a specific circumstance. Pg. 38
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Which group does not get the independent variable?
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Control group
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Who is associated with moral reasoning?
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Kohlberg
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Level 1: Preconventional
A. Stage 1:Punishment and obedience orientation B. Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange Level2: Conventional A. Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, Relationships, and interpersonal conformity. B. Stage 4: Social system and conscience (Law and order) Level 3: Postconventional A. Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights B. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Pg. 329 |
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Moral thinking where the individual considers social standards and laws to be the primary source of moral values.
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Conventional moral reasoning
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Is Level 2 of Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development. Stage 3 and 4. graph pg. 329
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When one variable increases and the other decreases
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Positive correlation
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