Hcib Ap Psychology Vocabulary Chapter 6

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Front 2

Trial

Back 2

In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.

Front 3

Acquisition

Back 3

The formation of a new conditioned response tendency.

Front 4

Avoidance learning

Back 4

Learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.

Front 5

Classical conditioning

Back 5

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus aquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Front 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 6

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Front 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 7

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Front 8

Continuous reinforcement

Back 8

Reinforcing every instance of a designated response.

Front 9

Elicit

Back 9

To draw out or bring forth.

Front 10

Emit

Back 10

To send forth.

Front 11

Escape learning

Back 11

A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Front 12

Extinction

Back 12

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Front 13

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

Back 13

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Front 14

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Back 14

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.

Front 15

Higher order conditioning

Back 15

A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 16

Instinctive drift

Back 16

The tendency for an animal's innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes.

Front 17

Intermittent reinforcement

Back 17

A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Front 18

Negative reinforcement

Back 18

The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.

Front 19

Observational learning

Back 19

A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Front 20

Operant Conditioning

Back 20

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Front 21

Optimal Foraging Theory

Back 21

The idea that food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended to locate, secure, and consume various foods.

Front 22

Positive Reinforcement

Back 22

Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of rewarding stimulus

Front 23

Preparedness

Back 23

A Species-Specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Front 24

Primary Reinforcers

Back 24

Events that are inherently satisfying because they satisfy biological needs.

Front 25

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcement

Back 25

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being paired with Primary Reinforcers

Front 26

Shaping

Back 26

The Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Front 27

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 27

in Classical Conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Front 28

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 28

A phenomenon that occurs when an organism has learned to respond to only a specific stimulus and not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Front 29

Stimulus Generalization

Back 29

The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a resonse to a specefic stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Front 30

Token Economy

Back 30

A system for fouling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers.

Front 31

Trial

Back 31

In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.

Front 32

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 32

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Front 33

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 33

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Front 34

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

Back 34

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.