Hbm Midterm

Front 1

Infancy: ______ to _______
Toddler years: _______to _______
Preschool years: ________ to ______

Back 1

Infancy: Birth to 18 months
Toddler years: 18 months-3 yrs.
Preschool years: 3-6 years

Front 2

Number of Cesarean sections over the past decade has increased, and at _____% is _____ than it has ever been

Back 2

at 31.8%, is higher than it has ever been

Front 3

Premature birth ?

Very premature ?

Back 3

Premature birth is <37 weeks gestation

Very premature is <32 weeks gestation

Front 4

APGAR Score stands for?

good score? bad score?

Back 4

10=highest; >7 no imminent survival threat, <4=imminent survival threat:

Appearance (color)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration

Front 5

APGAR Score:

A: 0? 1? 2?

Back 5

Appearance:

0 = body and extremities pale or blue
1 = pink body, blue extremities
2 = pink body + extremities

Front 6

APGAR Score:

P: 0? 1? 2?

Back 6

Pulse

0 = absent
1 = slow (<100)
2 = rapid (>100)

Front 7

APGAR Score:

G: 0? 1? 2?

Back 7

Grimace (reflex irritability from heel prick or nasal tickle)

0 = no response
1 = grimace
2 = food withdrawal, cry, sneeze, cough

Front 8

APGAR Score:

A: 0? 1? 2?

Back 8

Activity (muscle tone)

0 = flaccid/limp
1 = weak, inactive
2 = strong, active

Front 9

APGAR Score:

R: 0? 1? 2?

Back 9

Respiration

0 = absent
1 = irregular, slow
2 = good, crying

Front 10

rooting reflex? disappears?

Back 10

infant moves head in the direction of the nipple or anything else that touches his cheek

3 months

Front 11

sucking reflex? disappears?

Back 11

will suck to gain nourishment

3 months

Front 12

Palmar grasp reflex

Back 12

will grip any object put into his palm

2 months

Front 13

Moro Reflex? disappears?

Back 13

limbs extend when child is startled

4 months

Front 14

Babinski Reflex? disappears?

Back 14

dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked

12 months

Front 15

Baby blues?

duration of symptoms? incidence? onset?

Back 15

possibly related to physical changes, fatigue, neurological events, changes in hormone levels, social and psychological factors (e.g., perceived lack of social support, emotional stress of childbirth)

onset is withing a few days of delivery. 33-50% incidence; usually resolve on their own during the few (2) weeks after delivery

Front 16

Major Depression, postpartum type

duration of symptoms? incidence? onset?

Back 16

Mood disorder characterized by feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and possibly suicidal thoughts or psychotic symptoms
Depressed mothers show lack of interest in their child and poor self care; can persist and interfere with the maternal-child bond

Postpartum Depression occurs in 10% of new mothers within a month of childbirth and can last 1 year w/o treatment; 3-6 wks with treatment

Front 17

Mood Disorder with Psychotic features

Back 17

Hallucinations (false perceptions) or Delusions (false beliefs) may occur
Command Hallucinations (perceived voices instruct mother to harm or kill her infant)

Postpartum Depression occurs in 10% of new mothers within a month of childbirth and can last 1 year w/o treatment; 3-6 wks with treatment

Front 18

Postpartum Psychosis

duration of symptoms? incidence? onset?

Back 18

Hallucinations, delusions or other psychotic symptoms that occur in the absence of mood symptoms that aren’t better accounted for by mood disorder with psychotic features

0.1%-0.2% of postpartum mothers; Begins in postpartum month and lasts for up to 1 month

Front 19

__________________ showed that infants possess at birth endogenous differences in their temperament; showed that easy children at low risk for psychopathology, slow to warm up children at increased risk, and difficult children at high risk

Back 19

Chess and Thomas (1986)

Front 20

________ developed “critical periods” for achievement of goals throughout life

Back 20

Erik Erikson

Front 21

Erikson's critical period achievements:

Birth-1yr ?

Back 21

Trust vs. mistrust

Front 22

Erikson's critical period achievements:

1-3 yrs?

Back 22

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Front 23

Erikson's critical period achievements:

3-6 yrs?

Back 23

Initiative vs. guilt

Front 24

Erikson's critical period achievements:

7-11 yrs?

Back 24

Industry vs. inferiority

Front 25

Erikson's critical period achievements:

12-18 yrs?

Back 25

Identity vs. role confusion

Front 26

Erikson's critical period achievements:

Young adult?

Back 26

Intimacy vs. isolation

Front 27

Erikson's critical period achievements:

Adulthood?

Back 27

Generativity vs. stagnation

Front 28

Erikson's critical period achievements:

Maturity ?

Back 28

Integrity vs. despair

Front 29

_____________ postulated that cognitive capabilities of children at each age describe development, related to neurological maturity; Children think in qualitatively different ways as they develop

Back 29

Jean Piaget

Front 30

Piaget's period:

Birth-2yrs =?

Back 30

Birth-2yrs = Sensorimotor period = perception/action

Front 31

Piaget's period:

2-6 yrs =?

Back 31

2-6 yrs = Preoperational period = thoughts egocentric

Front 32

Piaget's period:

7-11 yrs =?

Back 32

7-11 yrs = Concrete operational = logical thinking; concrete

Front 33

Piaget's period:

12-adult =?

Back 33

12-adult = Formal operational = abstract thinking

Front 34

Who theorized that early development is about the process of separation of child from mother or primary caregiver; ability to navigate this process influences later relationships

Back 34

Margaret Mahler

Front 35

Most important part of birth - 18 month period?

Back 35

attachment to primary caregiver (mother)

Front 36

Social smile? appears?

Back 36

first marker of social responsiveness, between 1-2 months of life (at birth babies have reflexive smile)

Front 37

Stranger anxiety begins?

Back 37

starts around 9 months of age (7-9months); can be seen as adaptive

Front 38

special responsiveness to mother should occur by?

Back 38

4-6 months

Front 39

object permanence begins? significance?

Back 39

1 year- children start to develop object permanence (Piaget); concept that objects or people out of one’s sight continue to exist

Significance = separation Anxiety - normal, child realizes mother still exists when absent, and vocally tries to get to her

Front 40

hospitalism? who developed?

Back 40

Rene Spitz - Children in orphanages with restrictive isolation (left in cribs) demonstrated severe developmental retardation, poor physical health, and high stress; negative effects on immune system

Front 41

Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood

inhibited type

Back 41

child is withdrawn and unresponsive

Front 42

Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood

disinhibited type

Back 42

child approaches and cuddles up indiscriminately to strangers and to familiar people

Front 43

Motor Characteristics through Infancy

0-2 months = ?

2-3 months = ?

4-6 months = ?

7-11 months = ?

12-15 = ?

Back 43

Motor Characteristics through Infancy

0-2 months = Follows objects with eyes; Lifts head lying prone

2-3 months = Lifts shoulders lying prone

4-6 months = Turns over; reaches for objects; grasps with hand

7-11 months = Sits unassisted (6-8 months); Crawls; Pulls to stand (10 months); Uses pincer grasp; transfers objects from hand to hand

12-15 = Walks unassisted

Front 44

Social Characteristics in Infancy

0-2 months = ?

2-3 months = ?

4-6 months = ?

7-11 months = ?

12-15 = ?

Back 44

Social Characteristics in Infancy

0-2 months = Comforted when held or hearing voices

2-3 months = Social smile in response to human face

4-6 months = Recognizes familiar people; attaches to caregiver

7-11 months = Stranger anxiety; waves goodbye

12-15 = Fearful when separated from primary attachment figure

Front 45

Verbal/Cognitive Characteristics in Infancy

0-2 months = ?

2-3 months = ?

4-6 months = ?

7-11 months = ?

12-15 = ?

Back 45

Verbal/Cognitive Characteristics in Infancy

0-2 months = Different cries for hunger/pain

2-3 months = Vocalizes (coos)

4-6 months = Repeats single sounds over and over (babbling)

7-11 months = Responds to name and simple instructions; Imitates sounds and uses gestures

12-15 = Says first words; Object permanence

Front 46

Motor Characteristics of Toddlers(18 months-3 years)

1.5 years = ?

2 years = ?

3 years = ?

Back 46

Motor Characteristics of Toddlers(18 months-3 years)

1.5 years = Stacks 3 blocks; Can throw ball; Scribbles; Climbs stairs one foot at a time

2 years = Can kick ball; Can undress; Uses utensils to eat; Copies a line

3 years = Rides a Tricycle; Uses scissors; Dresses herself almost autonomously; Climbs stairs with alternate feet; Can copy a circle

Front 47

Social Characteristics of Toddlers(18 months-3 years)


1.5 years = ?

2 years = ?

3 years = ?

Back 47

Social Characteristics of Toddlers(18 months-3 years)

1.5 years = Moves away from and then toward mother

2 years = Parallel play; Shows negativity (says no alot)

3 years = Gender identity developed; Achieves toilet training; Can separate from mother

Front 48

Verbal/Cognitive Characteristics of Toddlers

1.5 years = ?

2 years = ?

3 years = ?

Back 48

Verbal/Cognitive Characteristics of Toddlers

1.5 years = Uses approximately 10 words; Says name

2 years = Uses 250 words and 2 word sentences; Names body parts; Points to objects in books; Uses pronouns; Speech understood primarily by family

3 years = Uses about 900 words; Speaks in complete sentences; Speech understandable by others; Identifies some colors

Front 49

Motor Characteristics of Preschoolers

4 years = ?

5 years = ?

6 years = ?

Back 49

Motor Characteristics of Preschoolers

4 years = Can draw simple person; Can fasten buttons, zippers; Combs hair, brushes teeth; Hops on one foot

5 years = Draws a person in detail; Skips; Catches ball with two hands; Can copy a square

6 years = Ties shoes; Rides a bicycle; Prints letters; Copies a triangle

Front 50

Social Characteristics of Preschoolers

4 years = ?

5 years = ?

6 years = ?

Back 50

Social Characteristics of Preschoolers

4 years = Overly concerned about illness/injury; Curiosity about bodily function; Nightmares/phobias common; Imaginary friends

5 years = Plays cooperatively with others

6 years = Develops internalized sense of right and wrong; Understands finality of death

Front 51

Verbal/Cognitive Characteristics of Preschoolers

4 years = ?

5 years = ?

6 years = ?

Back 51

Verbal/Cognitive Characteristics of Preschoolers

4 years = Good verbal self expression Comprehends prepositions *DOES NOT SHOW PIAGET’S CONSERVATION OF MASS SKILLS YET! (not until age 7)*

5 years = More complex verbal and cognitive skills

6 years = Begins to read; Begins to think logically; Joke telling

Front 52

must be ______ years old to receive Enuresis diagnosis

Back 52

5 years old

Front 53

__% of 5 year olds suffer from enuresis; ____% of 10 year olds and ___% of 15 year olds; often a sibling or parent has had the disorder

Back 53

10% of 5 year olds suffer from enuresis; 3-5% of 10 year olds and 1% of 15 year olds; often a sibling or parent has had the disorder

Front 54

Encopresis is ______ common than enuresis; _____ occurs at night; usually starts after age _____, and affects about 1% of 5 year olds

Back 54

Encopresis is less common than enuresis; Seldom occurs at night; usually starts after age 4, and affects about 1% of 5 year olds

Front 55

Autism symptoms usually being before age ___ and at least ___ in ____ children display the disorder; ____% remain severely disabled into adulthood

Back 55

Autism symptoms usually being before age 3 and at least 1 in 200 children display the disorder; 90% remain severely disabled into adulthood

Front 56

Is there a link between immunizations and Autism?

Back 56

no

Front 57

Autism Spectrum Disorders:

Effect/occurrence on boys vs girls?

Concordance rate in monozygotic twins?

Back 57

Occurs more in males but is more severe when occurring in females.

Concordance rate in monozygotic twins 3x higher than dizygotic twins

Front 58

__ in ____ people display Asperger’s

Back 58

1 in 250 people display Asperger’s

Front 59

Rett’s disorder

Back 59

involves diminished social, verbal, and cognitive development after up to 4 years of normal functioning.

Front 60

Mild Retardation IQ = ?
Moderate, Severe and Profound Retardation IQ = ?

Back 60

Mild Retardation IQ = 50-69
Moderate = 35 - 49
Severe and Profound Retardation IQ = below 20
(different slides have different parameters)

Front 61

Development in School Aged Children

Cognitive Developments?

Back 61

Piaget’s concrete operations stage (objects can have more than one property, development of conservation skills; ages vary between 6-11)
Concept of finality of death developed, which can lead to fears of parents’ death/separation anxiety or one’s own death;
Erikson’s “Industry” vs. “Inferiority” stage;
Reasoning and problem solving very concrete

Front 62

Significant moral development in 7-11 y/o?

Back 62

empathy

Front 63

Social comparisons begin around age ____

Back 63

8

"fastest runner in my class"

Front 64

Early adolescence = ?
Middle adolescence = ?
Late adolescence = ?

Back 64

Early adolescence = 11-14 years
Middle adolescence = 15-17 years
Late adolescence = 18-20 years

Front 65

Tanner Staging?

Back 65

SEE TABLE 2.1 in either Fadem text or BRS

Front 66

Early adolescence is marked by?

Back 66

Puberty onset

Front 67

Puberty onset:
GIRLS: Mean age = ?
BOYS: Mean age = ?

Back 67

Puberty onset
GIRLS: Mean age= 10.5 years (8-13.5yrs)
BOYS: Mean age=11.5 years (9.5-13.5 yrs.)

Front 68

First menstruation aka? what age?

First ejaculation?

Back 68

First menstruation: (menarche) 11-14 yrs.

First ejaculation: 12-15 yrs.

Front 69

Middle adolescence is marked by?

Back 69

Interest in body image increases
Normal for conflicts with parents to increase
Risk taking behavior increases

Front 70

Late adolescence is marked by?

Back 70

Identity crisis:

Erikson’s “Identity vs. Role confusion”
Piaget’s stage of formal operations - Abstract, hypothetical formal reasoning skills developed

Front 71

Age of first sexual intercourse in US is about ___ years; by ___ most have had intercourse

Back 71

Age of first sexual intercourse in US is about 16 years; by 19 most have had intercourse

Front 72

______ of American girls get pregnant before age 20; this rate is _____ in the US

Back 72

1/3 of American girls get pregnant before age 20; this rate is decreasing in the US

Front 73

Down syndrome notable physical characteristics? occurrence between sexes?

Back 73

small ears, think neck, flat facies, protruding tongue; linked to risk for Alzheimer’s disease; equally prevalent in both sexes

Front 74

Affects males more severely
Delayed cognitive function, behavior problems, hyperactivity, hand flapping, large ears, hyper extensible joints; elongated face

Back 74

Fragile X

Front 75

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Back 75

consistently display extreme hostility and defiance, they may qualify for a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder

Front 76

Conduct Disorder?

usually begins?

Back 76

more severe; symptoms include violence and aggression at higher level than ODD; violate basic rights of others

Usually begins between ages 7-15

Front 77

More than ____ of children with conduct disorder also display _____

Back 77

More than 1/3 of children with conduct disorder also display ADHD

Front 78

criteria for ADHD?

Back 78

6 symptoms in 6 months before the age of 7 in at least two settings (eg home and school)

Front 79

Associated with dysfunctional regulation of dopamine in the caudate nucleus? often comorbid with?

Back 79

Tourette’s Disorder - comorbid with OCD and/or ADHD

Front 80

Coprolalia?

Back 80

in extreme cases utterances of obscenities and profanities

Front 81

Copropraxia?

Back 81

performance of obscene gestures

Front 82

Normal fears in infants and toddlers?

Back 82

loud noises, strangers, separation from parents, large objects

Front 83

Normal fears in preschoolers?

Back 83

more global, imaginary stimuli, (e.g., ghosts, monsters, other supernatural beings, the dark, noises, sleeping alone)

Front 84

normal fears in older children

Back 84

more realistic fears (e.g., physical injury, health, school performance, death)