Hazmat Ops Final

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combustible gas indicator (CGI)

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1. an instrument used to detect flammable and combustible vapors; a CGI is characterized by a wheatstone bridge, which burns present vapors and may indicate lower and upper explosive limits

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cross contamination

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contact with a contaminated person or object

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Freezing point

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the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.

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hazardous material

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(HazMat) is any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) capable of causing harm to people, property, and the environment. A HazMat incident involves the actual or potential release of hazardous materials.

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Incident Management Sytems is used on ____ hazarardous material incidents.

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ALL

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MC-306/DOT-406

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are designed to carry flammable and combustible metals. Is made of steel, stainless steel or aluminum. They are non pressure and often are carrying gasoline, and diesel fuel. They have capacities of 2,000 to 10,000 gallons of product within their single-compartment or multi-compartment interior.

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Adsorption

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a method where the material interacts with a solid sorbent surface. The sorbate/hazmat liquid adheres to the surface of the sorbent and does not enter the inner spaces of the material, as with the case with absorption.

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direct contamination

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the process whereby a spilled or released material physically contacts a person or thing; this is referred to as primary contamination

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Division 1.1 consists of:

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explosives that have a mass explosion hazard

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entry suit

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a type of suit that provides protection for brief entry into total flame environment at temperatures as high as 2,000ºF; this suit is not effective or meant to be used for rescue operations; respiratory protection must be provided with fire entry suits

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Explosimeter

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electronic device that detects gas in the air

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Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (HMTUSA)

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instructed the Department Of Transportation (DOT) to make available grants for training public sector employees who respond to hazardous materials emergencies and to assist states in the development of improved Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Plans

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IMS

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Incident Management system

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MC-312/DOT-412

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"Carry high density liquids and corrosives. Constructed of black iron steel, stainless steel, or an aluminum alloy, they are typically lined with a material that will resist degradation and reaction with the tank’s contents. They are low pressure but must meet the pressure of what they are transporting.

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Melting point

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the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.-the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

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Alcohol Resistant AR-FFF

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foams which are resistant to breakdown by water soluble materials or polar solvents; these foams are used on materials such as alcohol, lacquer thinner, and acetone; alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foam (AR-AFFF) is the alcohol resistant foam most responders are familiar with

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Level A

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4. the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection; a totally encapsulating chemical protective suit, meaning a full body garment that is constructed of protective clothing materials; covers the wearer’s torso, head, arms, and legs; has boots and gloves that may be an integral part of the suit, or separate and tightly attached; and completely encloses the wearer in combination with the wearer’s respiratory equipment; all components of a TECP suit, such as relief valves, seams, and enclosure assemblies, should provide equivalent chemical resistance protection

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MC-311

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"carry up to 11,500 gallons of gases liquefied by the application of pressures. The working pressures may range from 100 psig up to 500 psig. Products typically include anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and liquefied carbon dioxide.

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roentgen equivalent man (REM)

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REM relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation; not all radiation has the same biological effect, even for the same amount of absorbed dose

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Vapor pressure

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is the pressure exerted by a vapor above a liquid on the wall of a container.

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Aqueous Film Forming Form (AFFF)

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a combination of synthetic foaming agents and fluorochemical surfactants, capable of forming an aqueous film; this film, with its reduced surface tension, spreads rapidly providing the excellent knockdown ability; AFFF is nontoxic and biodegradable

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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

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4) known as CERCLA or SUPERFUND, it addresses hazardous substance releases into the environment and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste sites; it also requires those who release hazardous substances, as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), above certain levels (known as "reportable quantities") to notify the National Response Center

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Division 1.3 consists of:

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explosives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both, but not a mass explosion hazard

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formal decontamination

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the deliberate, systematic, and thorough process for removing contaminants from persons and equipment leaving the hot zone

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Level B

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5. the highest level of respiratory protection is necessary but a lesser level of skin protection is needed; often referred to as a splash suit

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MC-338

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Carries cryogenic liquids include helium, oxygen, and nitrogen. From the outside, the containers might appear similar to any other cargo tank. The tank, however, is constructed as a container within a container similar to a thermos bottle.

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Oxygen deficient or enriched:

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This is when the oxygen content is less than 19.5% or greater than 23.5%.

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Roles and Responsibilities of operations level

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"-Initiate the incident managemtne system

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Sublimation

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is the process of a solid changing to a vapor or gas without becoming a liquid.

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Confinement

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operations which attempt to control the flow or movement of product away from the point of release

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Decontamination Tactics

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The two general means of decontamination are physical and chemical.

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Division 1.4 consists of:

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explosives that present a minor explosion hazard

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Dry bulk

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"7) vehicles are used to transport products such as ammonium nitrate or corrosive solids. Tanks having a similar appearance are used to carry cement and other nonhazardous dry bulk materials. Liquid/dry mixture trailers carry dry bulk loads in front and liquids such as calcium oxide or a mild acid in the rear section.

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First responders at the operations level have four main objectives when dealing with an incident:

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"â—‹ Analyze an incident

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â—‹ Plan a response

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â—‹ Implement a response

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â—‹ Evaluate the progress of the response"

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Flashpoint

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the minimum temperature at which enough vapor will be driven from a liquid that, should a sufficient ignition be present, flash but not continuing burn.

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Incident Level 1

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"-Product:No placard, 0 to 1 NFPA

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Level C

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6. the concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne substances(s) are known and the criteria for using air purifying respirators is met; Level C protection is more common in industry than emergency response

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Radiation action levels

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The NRC recommends an action level of 2mR/h (millirem per hour) while EPA recommends an action level of 1mR/h.

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Diking

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temporary measure used to slow down, divert, or prevent the passage of a product

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Division 1.5 consists of:

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very insensitive explosives

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Fire point

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the minimum temperature at which enough vapor will be driven from a liquid that, should a sufficient ignition be present, burn and continue burning.

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Flammable atmospheres:

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When the concentrations of flammable materials are greater than 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit (see Lesson 2), the environment is considered IDLH.

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IM 101

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is the equivalent of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) type 1 tank. It has a maximum allowable working pressure of 25 to 100 psi, and is used to transport products such as corrosives, toxins, and flammables. These tanks have volumes between 5,000–6,300 gallons.

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Incident Level 2

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"Product:Placard, 2 NFPA, waste

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Level D

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7. a work uniform affording minimal protection, used for nuisance contamination only; should be used only when the atmosphere contains no known hazard

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OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 and EPA 40 CFR 311

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They are identical regulations mandated by SARA, which specifically addresses emergency response. Included in paragraph q are the requirements for emergency response plans, pre-emergency planning and coordination, organization of work groups using the “buddy system,” use of backup personnel, the required use of an Incident Command System (ICS), required personal protective equipment, site characterization and air monitoring requirements, assignment of a safety official, annual physicals,and the requirement for decontamination procedures.

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Physical decontamination methods

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involve the actual removal of the contaminant physically from the contaminated equipment or person.

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Dilution

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the process of applying water (or solvent) to a material in an attempt to lower the concentration of the material to a level which is less harmful

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Division 1.6 consists of:

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extremely insensitive articles which do not have a mass explosive hazard

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Ignition point

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also know as auto-ignition point, is the temperature to which a substance must be heated to start self-sustaining fire independent of ignition source.

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IM 102

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is the equivalent of the IMO type 2 tank, is designed to withstand pressures from 14.5 to 24.4 psi (lower than those of the IM 101), and is used to transport alcohols, corrosives, pesticides, solvents, and flammables. These tanks have volumes between 5,000–6,300 gallons.

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Incident Level 3

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"Product:Placard table one materials, 3-4 NFPA

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proximity suit

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a suit that provides short duration and close proximity protection at radiant heat temperatures as high as 2,000ºF and may withstand some exposure to water and steam; respiratory protection must be provided with proximity suits

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Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)

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(1986) As the name implies, SARA acted to amend and reauthorize the Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 [CERCLA]). A major focus of SARA was hazardous waste site cleanup; however, this act also addressed some areas previously unaddressed by CERCLA. In essence, SARA established a national baseline with regard to planning, response, management, and training for chemical emergencies.

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The common methods of physical decontamination are

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Dilution, Absorption, Heat or freezing, Air flow, Disposal, etc.

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Toxic

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"Concentration levels which are consider hazardous will depend on the specific chemical involved in the incident. Some examples include:

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The most common toxics monitored in the field are CO and H2S"

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Chemical degradation

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is the process of chemically altering the contaminant’s identity in order to transform it into a less hazardous material. Chemical reactions can be both difficult and dangerous to control, and it is therefore not recommended for use on living tissue. Great consideration should be given before use on PPE encapsulated personnel.

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Class 2 consists of:

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three divisions of gases- flammable gas, non-flammable gas, and poisonous gas

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Corrosives

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Corrosive liquids and vapors are damaging to human flesh and must be identified in order to protect the first responder.

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Eductor

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devices that create a venturi effect (reduced pressure) at a restricted flow point in the device, resulting in the syphoning or “pick up” of foam concentrate

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Flammable range

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the percentage of material by volume over which a flammable vapor-to-air may be expected to ignite.

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FYI:Green flashing light

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ICS

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Pipeline markers are required

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4) where pipelines cross or come in close proximity to any other mode of transportation. The markers must list the product type, pipeline owner, and an emergency telephone number (mandated by 49 CFR).

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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

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breathing apparatus with full facepiece and an independent supply of air; abbreviated

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The various training levels of response personnel certification.

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"â—‹ First Responder at the Awareness level

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â—‹ First Responder at the Operations level

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â—‹ Hazardous Materials Technician

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â—‹ Hazardous Materials Specialist

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â—‹ On-scene Incident Commander"

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Acording to OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120, paragraph h,

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“Air monitoring shall be used to identify and quantify airborne levels of hazardous substances and safety and health hazards in order to determine the appropriate level of employee protection needed for site entry.”

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Chemical methods of decontamination include:

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Adsorption, Neutralization, Solidification, Washing, Disinfection, etc.

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Division 2.1 consists of:

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flammable gas

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fluoroprotein foam

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protein based foam with fluorochemical surfactants added; the surfactants reduce the surface tension of the protein concentrate allowing more fluid movement and increasing fuel tolerance; fluoroprotein foams are often used in sub-surface injection

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Identify information on a material safety data sheet (MSDS).

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"must contain the following information.

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· physical and chemical characteristics

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· physical hazards of the material

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· health hazards of the material

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· signs and symptoms of exposure

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· routes of entry

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· permissible exposure limits

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· responsible party contact

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· precautions for safe handling, including hygiene practices, protective measures, and procedures for cleanup of spills or leaks

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· applicable control measures, including personal protective equipment requirements

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· emergency and first aid procedures"

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National Fire Protection Association (NFAP) 471

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"Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Material Incidents

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span of control in IMS

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is 3 to 7 with an optimal of 5

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Specific gravity

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the weight of a liquid or solid when compared to water where water equals 1. The liquid or solid that is less than 1 floats while more than one sinks.

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Supplied Air-Respirator (SAR)

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supply air from a source located some distance away and are connected to the user by an air line hose

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APR and PAPR advantages:

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"· enhanced mobility

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· lightweight

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· inexpensive"

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CHEMTREC phone

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1-800-424-9300

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colorimetric

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methods include pH paper strips, spill classifier strips, and detector tubes. In each of these cases a chemical reaction is allowed to take place between the atmosphere and a detection media. The detection media (such as a tube of silica, pH paper, or classifier strip) changes color as a result of the chemical reaction. It is than matched up to a chart to determine pH value.

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Division 2.2 consists of:

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non-flammable gas

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foam nozzles

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induct air into the foam solution via the venturi effect; the foam solution is more effectively mixed with air in the nozzle and results in a more consistent foam with maximum expansion of agent

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NFPA 472

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"Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Material Incident

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Terrorism/Mass Decontamination

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"· Designate and cordon off a holding area for contaminated personnel immediately

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· Direct all contaminated personnel to the area

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· Victims should be decontaminated as quickly as possible; modesty, however, should also be considered by the responders."

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Vapor density

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the weight of a gas or vapor when compared to air where air equals 1.

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APR and PAPR disadvantages:

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"· cannot be used in an IDLH environment

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· cannot be used in oxygen deficient environment

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· limited duration; cartridges have finite life and it is sometimes difficult to predict the lifetime of a cartridge during field conditions

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· cartridges are ""chemical specific,"" only protecting against chemicals specified and at the levels specified

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· must have ability to monitor concentrations of contaminants

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· vapor or gas must have adequate warning products or must have end of service life indicator ESLI"

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Division 2.3 consists of:

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gas poisonous by inhalation

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fog nozzles

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11. produce foam bubbles by expelling tiny droplets of foam solution through the air; the air interacts with the foam solution like a child's bubble solution when a child blows bubbles

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NFPA 473

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"Standard for Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials Incident

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post-incident w/ detectors

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"○ decontaminate as necessary and following the manufacturer’s recommendations

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Solubility

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the amount of matter that will dissolve in a given solvent.

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Class 3 is a:

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flammable liquid

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First responders at the awareness level

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are individuals who are likely to witness or discover the release of a hazardous substance. Their primary function is to notify proper authorities that a release has occurred and to initiate an appropriate response. They may also establish isolation areas. They operate in a nonintervention mode at incidents.

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Mitigation

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the act of lessening the force or impact of an incident

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Monitoring Methodology

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"-turn on, zero, and calibrate instruments which require this operation in clean environments

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Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs)

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supply air from a source located some distance away and are connected to the user by an air line hose.

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Viscosity

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the degree of resistance a fluid has to flow, or as I see it the thickness of the fluid.

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Class 4 is a:

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flammable solid consisting of three divisions

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First responders at the operations level

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are part of the initial response to a hazardous substance release for the purpose of protecting people, property, and the environment. They function primarily in a defensive mode, without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to to prevent exposures and contain the release from a safe distance. First responders at the operations level must have an understanding of the Incident Management System (IMS) used in their jurisdiction.

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Maximum safe storing temperatures (MSST)

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the highest storage temperature for specific chemicals such as organic peroxides, temperatures above which may result in slow decomposition or explosion

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overflow dam

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traps sinking, heavier-than-water materials behind the dam

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Division 4.1 means:

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any of the following three types of materials, wetted explosives, self-reactive materials, readily combustible solids

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Hazardous materials technicians

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personnel who respond to releases or potential releases in order to prevent or stop the incident

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polar solvent compatibility

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the ability of a foam to form a blanket on a polar fuel; this foam is referred to as polar solvent foam, or alcohol resistant foam

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SAR disadvantages:

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"â—‹ bulky and heavy; limits visibility

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â—‹ inhibits ability to communicate

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â—‹ finite air supply; limits work duration

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â—‹ may impair ability to enter/exit or function in confined spaces"

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Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

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the maximum fuel-to-air mixture where combustion can occur

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Division 4.2 means:

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spontaneously combustible

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Hazardous materials specialists

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perform activities similar to those of the technician, except the specialist's responsibilities require a greater depth of knowledge of the substances involved. The specialist acts as the liaison for federal, state, and local governmental authorities regarding site activities.

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protein foam

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based on naturally occurring proteins, these foams are biodegradable and nontoxic; in some areas, these were termed “blood foams;” protein foam is dense, stable, and viscous; it requires a great deal of mechanical agitation and should be used with air-aspirating nozzles only

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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

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· supply air from a source carried by the user. These units may be either open circuit (exhaled to atmosphere like the SCBA the fire service is accustomed to using), or closed circuit (“rebreather” type units such as the “Litpak” and “Biopack” units). This is what I use, so I am already familiar with it as far as advantages, etc.

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The different states of matter

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are solid, liquid, and gas or vapor.

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Chemical Protection

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clothing is designed to protect the responder from burns, rashes, and absorption into the body. Ensembles should be configured to provide a specific level of protection. For emergency response activities, personal protective clothing and equipment must protect against the hazards presented by the chemicals involved and the physical environment.

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Division 4.3 means:

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dangerous when wet material

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Explain reactivity & oxidation.

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Reactivity is the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction by itself or through molecular interactions with substances it may contact. The reactions is often initiated by energy sources like light, heat, etc. Oxidizers are quite willing to accept electrons or other elements or molecules and form new compounds.

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Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Grant Program (HMEP)

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"was developed to meet legislated responsibilities set forth in the 1990 Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (HMTUSA). It instructed the Department Of Transportation (DOT) to make available grants for training public sector employees who respond to hazardous materials emergencies and to assist states in the development of improved Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Plans.

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â—‹ function as a tool for state self-assessment so that courses funded comply with the curriculum,

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â—‹ support state self-determination of a national list of courses, and

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â—‹ ensure that public sector employees can safely and efficiently respond to hazardous materials emergencies."

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Remediation

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the process of returning the scene to its original status; involves clean up operations

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Class 5 consists of two divisions:

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"Division 5.1 is an oxidizer &

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Liquid Splash-Protective Suit

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offer protection against liquid chemicals in the form of splashes, but not against continuous liquid contact or chemical vapors or gases. Some chemicals do not present vapor hazards, and these suits may be acceptable for such situations. It is important to note, however, that by wearing liquid splash-protective clothing, the wearer risks exposure to chemical vapors and gases because this clothing does not offer vapor protection. The use of adhesive tape to seal clothing interfaces does not provide sufficient protection against vapors or gases.

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Retention

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storing a released product in a makeshift holding area

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The pH of the material determines

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"weather or not it is a base, acid (or alkaline), or neutral.

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* The pH of the material is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

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» The ph scale runs from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral, less than 7 is acid, more than 7 is base or alkaline."

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Class 6 consists of two divisions:

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"Division 6.1 poisonous material &

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Explain the difference between miscible and immiscible

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Miscible is a term used to describe two liquids that mix. Immiscible is the term used to describe two liquids that DONOT mix.

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underflow dam

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built with a pipe placed lower on the upstream side and higher on the downstream side of the dam; this creates a water flow through the piping and traps the contaminants on the upstream side

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Vapor-Protective Ensembles

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These ensembles provide “gas tight” integrity and are intended for responses in which vapor or liquid chemical contact may be hazardous. These suits may also be used for protection against biological and chemical warfare agents, depending on the specific ensemble.

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Class 7 is a:

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radioactive material

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Radiation

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are high energy waves and particles. When people hear radiation they are thinking of "Ionizing radiation," which occurs as the result of the decay of an atom's nucleus.

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Symptoms of heat

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·Results from the body’s inability to cool itself through the normal perspiration and evaporation process. The four progressive levels of heat stress are heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Replenishment of body fluids is very important in combating heat stress. Water or an electrolyte replenishment should be available at all incidents. S/s are hot dry skin, rapid strong pulse, etc.

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vapor dispersion

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spreading of hazardous vapors in order to reduce the hazard posed by the vapors

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Class 8 is a:

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corrosive material

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Symptoms of cold stress

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·Results from the actual lowering of the body temperature. Signs and symptoms would be shivering, apathy, listlessness, drowsiness, slow pulse, low respiratory rates, and possible freezing of the extremities.

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The 4 different types of radiation are

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alpha, beta, gamma, and neutrons.

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vapor suppression

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covering a material which is giving off hazardous vapors

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Alpha

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are large particles, and low energy. They travel no more than 7 inches and cannot even penetrate a piece of paper.

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Class 9 is a:

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miscellaneous hazardous material

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venturi system

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a type of valve that produces air bubbles by drawing air into a stream of water flowing under pressure

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Beta

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are small particles with great penetration ability. It poses external hazard like radiation burns and damage to eyes.

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weir dam

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can be utilized to “skim” product off the top of a flowing body of water; a weir dam is typically constructed by placing chicken wire type fencing across a moving body of water and deploying sorbent material on the upstream side of the fence; the sorbent material must be large enough to be stopped by the fencing material the sorbent material will absorb the hazardous material off the surface of the water

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Gamma

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are very short energy waves capable of penetrating skin and clothing. It has no mass and can travel up to 1 mile. Gamma can cause damage to DNA and even death.

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Knockdown

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is the speed which foam can extinguish a fire.

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Manual Application Techniques

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"· The roll-on technique

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Neutron

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is a very energetic particle that can travel up to 3,000 feet. Very rare and can cause sever damage.

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Duration

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"Short term: Minutes and hrs

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Med. Term: Days, weeks, and months

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Long Term: Years and generations"

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· The roll-on technique

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is used when the foam is applied on the ground near the front edge of the liquid pool fire—the foam then rolls across the surface of the fuel.

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Chronic Health Effects are substances that cause long term effects like

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sensitizers, carcinogens, mutagen, and teratogens.

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· The bank-down technique

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is used when the foam is directed on to an object in or near the fire—the foam runs down the surface of the object and on to the pool of product.

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Sensitizer

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is a substance capable of stimulating an exaggerated response after an initial exposure.

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· The rain-down technique

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is used when the foam stream is directed in to the air above the fire/product and allowed to gently rain down on to the product.

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Carcinogen

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is any substance capable of producing cancer or a malignant tumor. A Benzene is recognize as a potential carcinogen.

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Mutagen

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alter the victims genetic structure.

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Teratogen

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is a substance which is able to cross from a pregnant mother to the unborn fetus.

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IDLH-Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health

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is an OSHA term that is used as atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiate substance that pose an immediate threat or permanent damage.

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PEL-Permissible Exposure Limit

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is an OSHA term that limits your time to an average unprotected weighted concentration of 8 hours day and 40 hours a work week.

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REL-Recommended Exposure Limit

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is a NIOS term that limits your time to an average unexposed to material for up to 10 hours a day and 40 hours a week.

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LD50-Lethal Dose-50

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refers to the dose of a solid or liquid toxic material measured in milligrams of toxic per kilogram of body weight, that would kill 50% of the people exposed to it. The route may be absorption, ingestion, or injection.

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LC50-Lethal Concentration 50

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refers to the concentration of a substance measured in terms of parts per million or grams per cubic meter in air that would kill 50% of people exposed. The route of exposure is inhalation.

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TLV-TWA-Threshold Limit Valve-Time Weight Average

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is an ACGIH term used to describe time you should be exposed to an average concentration being 8 hours day and 40 hours a work week.

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TLV-STEL-Threshold Limit Valve-Short Term Exposure Limit

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the max amount of material that is allowable for you to be exposed to 15 minutes, 4 times a day with at least 1 hrs between exposure without providing adverse effects.

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TLV-C-Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling

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is the max concentration of a material on may be exposed, exceeding exposure for even a few seconds can cause definite negative effect.

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ALARA- As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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is a term used for those working with radioactive material. This means the exposure should be kept as low as possible at all times. The philosophy that all responders should keep in mind for all haz mat.