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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hazardous waste
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Legally, hazardous waste is any discarded liquid or solid that contains substances known to be:
-Fatal to humans or laboratory animals in low doses; -Toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to humans or other life-forms; -Ignitable with a flash point less than 60o C; -Corrosive; or -Explosive or highly reactive. |
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Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT)
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Chemicals that present a certain hazard or risk
Chemicals are categorized on the basis of hazardous properties: Ignitability Corrosivity Reactivity Toxicity |
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Toxic Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
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Soil sample extraction method for chemical analysis employed as an analytical method to simulate leaching through a landfill
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Toxic Chemicals
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Heavy metals: the most dangerous are lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, & chromium. These metals are widely used in industry & may enter the environment when they are mined, milled, transported, processed, used, & disposed of.
Non-biodegradable synthetic organics: Similar enough to natural organic compounds that are absorbed into the body |
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What is the safest (and most expensive) way to store hazardous waste?
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Above ground storage bins that undergo routine inspection
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Assuring safe drinking water
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Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
EPA set standards for various toxic chemicals Monitoring of theses chemicals must be done by municipal water supplies |
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Groundwater remediation
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Program that involves cleaning up contaminated groundwater sources
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - 1976
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Comprehensive program requiring rigorous testing and management of toxic and hazardous substances
“Cradle (point of generation) to grave (ultimate disposal)” accounting Cornerstone legislation designed to prevent unsafe or illegal disposal of wastes on land EPA must identify hazardous waste Sets standards for hazardous waste Permits required for hazardous waste generators |
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
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This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment.
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Objectives of CERCLA
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- Make the Sites safer – threats immediately and address problems at the sites first
- Make sites cleaner - accelerate and improve long-term clean-up actions at sites - Strengthen enforcement and maximize responsible party work at sites - Bring innovative technologies to bear when cleaning-up Superfund sites - Implement an aggressive program of community involvement - Communicate progress to the public |
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National Priority List (NPL) depends on...
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Site Description
Site Responsibility Threats and Contaminants Clean-up Approach Environmental Progress |
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Superfund cleanup with bioremediation
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Oxygen & organisms are injected into contaminated zones
The organisms feed on & eliminate the pollutants They die when the pollutants are gone |
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Onsite vs. Offsite
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Onsite (95%) disposal/treatment is practiced to reduce liability especially for large industries.
a. In-situ – treat in soils without any waste movement off site. b. Onsite- dig up treat and put back at the site. Offsite treatment for specific wastes use for small and intermediate industries. a. Onsite (all wastes) 16% b. Onsite (some wastes) 22% c. Offsite (all wastes) 62% |
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Mitigation Protocols
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Air Pollution Control – Immediate Threat
Water Discharges Solids (Waste, Waste/Soils, Soils) |
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Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know (EPCRA)
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Also called SARA Title III – gives communities the right to know about releases of hazardous chemicals
Requires industries to inform fire depts. & other emergency groups about the types & amounts of chemicals on site. |
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SARA (Superfund Amendment Reauthorization ACT 1986) Additions
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Requires a health and safety program and training at superfund clean-up site, requires a certified industrial hygienist
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SUMMARY OF MAJOR LAWS
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EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act)- Informs public about storage and releases of toxic substances
CAA (Clean Air Act)- Limits discharges into the air OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act)- Protects workers' health and safety DOT (Department of Transportation Regulations)- Assures safe transport RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)- Assures that wastes get to suitable disposal facilities TSCA (Toxic Substance Control Act)- Requires new chemicals to be shown safe for specific uses CWA (Clean Water Act)- Limits discharges into waterways Superfund- Provides for cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites SDWA (Safe Drinking Water Act)- Sets standards for drinking water |
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Pollution prevention
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Pollution avoidance
Responsible care Green products |
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Pollution avoidance
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Changing the process or the materials or both so that the harmful pollutants are not produced in the first place
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Responsible care
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Reduce pollutants as much as possible
Achieve this mainly through pollution avoidance |
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Green products
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Products that are more environmentally safe than their traditional counterparts
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Brownfields
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Contaminated properties that have been abandoned or are not being used up to potential because of pollution concerns
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