Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Anatomy
|
The STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to each other. Often discussed as "static image" models.
|
|
|
Define Physiology
|
The FUNCTION of the body - How the body parts work and carryout their life sustaining activites - Often discussed in "dynamic and animated" models.
Generally focuses on events at the cellular and chemical levels - Heavily focused on physics |
|
|
Explain relationship between Anatomy (structure) and Physiology (function)
|
Function (physiology) is caused directly by the structure (anatomy) from around where it originates. Function is the activiity of structure.
AKA - Principle of complimentarity of structure and function |
|
|
Name and discribe the levels and sublevels of structural organization and how they relate
|
Chemical Level
- Atomic. Singular Atoms. Not life - Molecular. Group of atoms (water=H2O) - Organelle - Building blocks of cells Cellular Level - Living Tissue Level - Group of cells with same function Organ Level - Distinctly seperate structures composed of 2+ tissue types that performs specific functions for the body Organ System Organs that work together to achieve a common purpose Organism Sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life |
|
|
What are the three major catagories of Organ Systems?
|
Musculoskeletal Systems
Splanc(h)nic Systems Other Whole Body Systems |
|
|
What are the 11 Organ systems?
|
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS
- Muscular System - Skeletal System SPLANCHNIC SYSTEMS - Respiratory System - Digestive System - Endocrine System - Urinary System - Reproductive System OTHER WHOLE BODY SYSTEMS - Integumentary System - Lymphatic System / Immunity - Nervous System - Cardiovascular System |
|
|
Muscular System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
- Manipulation of environment - Locomotion - Facial expressions - Maintains posture - Produces heat ORGANS - Muscles |
|
|
Skeletal System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
- Framework for muscles to cause movement - Blood cells are formed in bones - Stores minerals ORGANS - Bones - Joints |
|
|
Respiratory System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
- Keeps blood constantly supplies with oxygen - Removes carbon dioxide ORGANS - Nasal Cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Lungs - Bronchus |
|
|
Digestive System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
- Breaks food into absorbable units and absorbs into blood stream - Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs ORGANS - Oral Cavity - Esophagus - Liver - Stomach - Small Intestine - Large Intestine - Rectum - Anus |
|
|
Endocrine System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
Glands secrete hormones that regulate certain body processes ORGANS Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovary / Testis |
|
|
Urinary System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
Eliminates nitrogenous waste Regulates Bloods… ...Water ...Electrolyte ...Acid-Base Balance ORGANS Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra |
|
|
Reproductive System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
Production of off-spring Woman - Nourish of off-spring ORGANS Penis Testis Scrotum Ductus Deferens Prostate Gland Vagina Uterus Uterine Tube Ovary Mammary Glands |
|
|
Integumentary System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
External body covering Protects deeper tissue Synthesizes Vitamin D Cutaneous receptors - Pain, Pleasure, etc Sweat and oil glands ORGANS Skin Nails Hair |
|
|
Lymphatic System / Immunity
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
Picks up and returns leaked fluid from blood vessels Disposes of cellular debris Houses white blood cells - Immunity system ORGANS Red Bone Marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels and nodes Thoracic duct Spleen |
|
|
Nervous System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
Fast acting control system Activates muscles and glands ORGANS Brain Sensory receptors Nerves Spinal Cord |
|
|
Cardiovascular System
Major function and organs invovled |
FUNCTIONS
Transports blood to all the cells in the body Carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc ORGANS Blood vessels Heart |
|
|
SKIN
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
The skin is the outer covering of the body SYSTEM(S) Integumentary POSITION Outer covering of the body |
|
|
HAIR
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Hair is a type of protein filament that grows through most of the epidermis from follicles deep within the dermis. SYSTEM(S) Integumentary POSITION Over most of the body surface |
|
|
NAILS
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A nail is a horn-like structure at the end of a person's (or an animal's) finger or toe made of a tough protein called keratin. SYSTEM(S) Integumentary POSITION End of a person's finger or toe. |
|
|
BONES
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. SYSTEM(S) Skeletal POSITION Through-out the body |
|
|
JOINTS
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A joint is found at the location where two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support. SYSTEM(S) Skeletal POSITION Almost anywhere two bones meet |
|
|
MUSCELS
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Muscle tissue contains cells contain which contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Their function is to produce force and cause motion. SYSTEM(S) Muscular POSITION Through-out the body |
|
|
RED BONE MARROW
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Red bone marrow (consisting mainly of myeloid tissue) is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red bone marrow. SYSTEM(S) Lymphatic POSITION Red Bone Marrow is generally found in the flat and long bones of the body |
|
|
THYMUS
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
The main function of the thymus is to provide an area for T cell maturation vital in protecting against autoimmunity. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine and Lymphatic POSITION Approximately 1" squared gland positioned at the midsagtal line approximately halfway between the colar bone line and the nipple line. Superioir to the heart. Superfical of the thorax and deep of the sternum. |
|
|
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A roadway of varying sized conduits which uses valves and smooth muscled walls to remove interstitial fluid from tissues and transports it back into the blood stream. It also transports fat and immune cells. SYSTEM(S) Lymphatic POSITION Conduits mainly connecting the various lymphatic nodes but running through out the body. |
|
|
THORACIC DUCT
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Largest lymphatic vessel in the body. AKA - Alimentary duct, Chyliferous duct, the Left lymphatic duct and Van Hoorne's canal. It delivers Lymph directly into the blood stream. SYSTEM(S) Lymphastic POSITION 16" in length and 1/5" in diameter running mostly straight slightly right of the midsagital line. Starting at around the belly button and raising to just above the colar bone line deviating to the right near the top. |
|
|
Spleen
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, it synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells SYSTEM(S) Lymphatic POSITION Approxiately 1/2" squared it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen a few inches inferioir and lateral of the niple. |
|
|
Lymph Nodes
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A small bean-shaped organ distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells and also act as filters or traps for foreign particles SYSTEM(S) Lymphatic POSITION Humans have approximately 500-600 lymph nodes distributed throughout the body, with clusters found in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen. |
|
|
Nasal Cavity
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract. Air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature. In addition, the air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by vibrissae, short, thick hairs. SYSTEM(S) Respitory POSITION Large fluid filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face |
|
|
Pharynx
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration. In humans the pharynx is important in vocalization. SYSTEM(S) Respitory Disgestive POSITION Situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, and superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. |
|
|
Larynx
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
The larynx (AKA "voice box") is an organ in the neck involved in protection of the trachea and sound production. It manuipulates pitch and volume. The larynx houses the vocal folds, which are an essential component of phonation. The vocal folds are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus. It is part of the respitory tract SYSTEM(S) Respitory POSITION Inferioir to the Pharynx but Superioir to the Trachea in the respitory tract |
|
|
Trachea
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Allowes the passage of air to the lungs. It is lined with mucus producing cells. This mucus lines the cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles which the cilia then waft upwards towards the pharynx where it can either be swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm. SYSTEM(S) Respitory POSITION The trachea (windpipe) is a tube that connects the Larynx to the Bronchi. |
|
|
Bronchus
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A continuation of the Trachea that conducts air into the lungs. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs. SYSTEM(S) Respitory POSITION It splits into the R and L bronchi slightly inferioir to the clavical line. |
|
|
Lungs
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
(AKA - Pulmonary System) To transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere SYSTEM(S) Respitory POSITION Start around the clavical line and decend to around the distal sternal line. |
|
|
Oral Cavity
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
(AKA - buccal cavity or Mouth) The first portion of the alimentary canal Receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up the solid food particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva. also plays a significant role in communication. SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION Most anterioir and inferioir cavity of the skull |
|
|
Esophagus
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
(alt sp = oesophagus) (AKA Gullet) Consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION It is usually about 11" long and connects the mouth to the stomach. punching thru the diaphram. |
|
|
Liver
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Responsible for: Detoxification, Plasma protein synthesis, Production of digestion chemicals especially "bile", Glycogen storage, Decomposition of red blood cells, Hormone production, others. SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION Approxiumately the size of a human hand and the largest organ in the body next to the skin, the Liver lies in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, resting inferioir to the diaphragm, right of the stomach and overlaying the gallbladder |
|
|
Stomach
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Churns food before it moves on to the rest of the digestive system, produces much of the digestive juices, Storage of food when intestines are full. SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION About the size of a fist it connects the esophagus and small intestine, and sits in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity slightly left of the midsagital line. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. |
|
|
Small Intestine
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Where the vast majority of chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION Part of the gastrointestinal tract it follows the stomach and is followed by the large intestine. About 23’ in length and 1” in diameter it is about the size of a hand and is centered around the area of the belly button |
|
|
Large Intestine
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Absorbs water and some vitamins from the remaining indigestible food matter, it also compacts fasces SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION The large intestine is about 5’ long and starts in the right iliac region, carrying upwards and then across the abdomen around the line created by the bottom of the ribcage creating a boarder around the small intestines ultimately descending on the left hand side of the abdominal cavity to the rectum and then onto the anus. |
|
|
Rectum
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
The rectum intestine acts as a temporary storage facility for feces. SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION The human rectum is about 5” long starting at the end of the Large Intenstines and ending in the anus |
|
|
Anus
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Expels Feces during defecation SYSTEM(S) Digestive POSITION The external opening of the rectum |
|
|
Brain
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Continuously receives sensory information, and rapidly analyzes this data and then responds, controlling bodily actions and functions SYSTEM(S) Nervous POSITION Enclosed in the cranium |
|
|
Sensory Receptors
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A sensory nerve ending that recognizes a stimulus in the bodies internal or external environment. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction sending information to the brain for processing. SYSTEM(S) Nervous POSITION Many places, specifically skin and the face, eyes, ears, nose, tounge. |
|
|
Spinal Chord
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells tht functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes and some basic movements. SYSTEM(S) Nervous POSITION Extending from the brain and encased in the vertebral column to about 8" or so above the tail bone |
|
|
Nerves
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. SYSTEM(S) POSITION Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system, in the central nervous system they are called tracts. |
|
|
Pineal Gland
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
(AKA - pineal body, epiphysis cerebri, epiphysis, "third eye" Produces melatonin - modulation of wake/sleep patterns and photoperiodic (seasonal) functions. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine POSITION It is shaped like a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and is located near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, posterior to the very center of the brain. |
|
|
Pituitary Gland
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
(AKA – hypophysis) Considered a master gland it secrets hormones regulating homeostasis, and other endocrine glands. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine POSITION About the size of a pea it is found on the midsagital line somewhat inferior and anterior to the center of the brain |
|
|
Thyroid Gland
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine POSITION The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. Found in the neck inferior and deep to the Adam's apple |
|
|
Adrenal Gland
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
(AKA - suprarenal glands) Chiefly responsible for releasing stress hormones SYSTEM(S) Endocrine POSITION Star-shaped glands that sit on top of the kidneys. |
|
|
Pancreas
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Produces, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine Digestive POSITION About the size of a small fist it is directly inferior to the stomach and superior to the belly button |
|
|
Ovary
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Release eggs into the uterian tube for reproductive furtilization in the Uterus also produce hormones estrogen and progesterone. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine Reproductive POSITION A little smaller then a cubic inch in size the are situated around the midfrontal plane, around the top of the hip bone line about 2" below the belly button and around the mid sagital line of each half of the body |
|
|
Testis
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Produce sperm and among other hormones testosterone. SYSTEM(S) Endocrine Reproductive POSITION You know where :D |
|
|
Heart
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
The pump that provides a continuous force for blood circulation through out the vascular system SYSTEM(S) Cardiovascular POSITION About the size of a fist it is positioned ever so slightly to the left of the midsagital line and ever so slightly superioir to the beginning of the sternum. |
|
|
Blood Vessels
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Conduits that transport blood through out the body and back to the heart SYSTEM(S) Cardiovascular POSITION Pretty much everywhere |
|
|
Kidneys
Describe, State System, and find position |
DESCRIBE
Mainly involved with the excretion of waste in the form of urine. Also involved with homeostatic control and some hormones SYSTEM(S) Primarily Urinary Some Endocrine POSITION 4-5" long beans situated just superioir to the belly button line and around the midsagital line of each half of the body. Becease of the spleen they are not quite in the same place as each other. |
