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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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taxonomy
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science of describing and classifying organisms
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systematics
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study of evolutionary relationships of organisms
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carolus linnaeus
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father of taxonomy
systema naturae 1758 |
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binomial system of nomenclature
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genus species
latin names standardized worldwide international commission on zoological nomenclature |
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linnaen hierarchy
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linnaen hierarchy to know for exam
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hierarchy ray-finned fishes
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when writing names
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italicize generic and species
capitalize generic higher units capitalized name of family in english lowercase common names capitalized |
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name and date after species name mean
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person first described and year they did
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law of priority
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oldest species name after 1758 has priority
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morphometric measurements
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measurable structures:
standard length fin lengths head lengths eye diameter ratios between measurements *but problem with allometry |
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problem with allometry
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lengths of different body parts change at different rates during growth
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meristic traits
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any countable structure:
# fin rays, vertebrae, scales, gill rakers, cephalic pores *may be most useful for comparison |
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anatomical characters
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characters of:
skeleton, soft anatomy, shape, latline position, sex *often 'present' or 'not present' |
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color patterns
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variable
subjective fades in preservatives have to use fairly permanent patterns like dark spots and stripes |
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biochemical and molecular characters
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protein electrophoresis
chromosome #s dna analyses |
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taxonomic methods
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morphometric measurements
meristic traits anatomical characters color patterns biochemical and molecular characters |
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species and subspecies based on ___
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type specimens
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type specimens
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used by author to describe new taxa
placed in permanent archival collections |
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holotype
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a single specimen designated as "the type" upon which description of new species was based
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paratypes
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additional specimens used in description of new species
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whats a species
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fundamental unit of classification
"biological species concept" "morphospecies concept" "phylogenetic species concept" |
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morphospecies concept
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defined by groups of morphological characters
somewhat subjective does not depend on evolution |
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biological species concept
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ernst mayr 1942
"groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups" a species is an isolated gene pool |
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phylogenetic (evolutionary) species concept
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"a single linage of ancestor-descendant populations which maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate" (wiley, 1981)
better fit to current concepts of evolution |
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cladistics/phylogenic systematics
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willi hennig 1950
method of grouping organisms based on shared, derived characters-synapomorphies creates branching tree diagram-cladogram or phylogeny |
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synapomorphies
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characters more recently evolved, derived, or advanced
shared by descent, not convergent define monophyletic groups or clades |
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symplesiomorphies
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shared primative (ancestral) characters
not useful for determining relationships because may be retained by wide variety of taxa |
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cladogram/phylogeny
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branching tree diagram
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monophyletic groups/clades
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defined by synapomorphies
groups containing an ancestor and all its descendent taxa |
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paraphyletic groups
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groups that dont include all descendents of common ancestor
ex: fishes class:pisces excludes some descendents of common vertebrate ancestors like tetrapods |
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