Hana Sam Hi

Front 1

Geltungsjude

Back 1

a recognized jew
-require all jews to wear yellow star
jewish husbands in mixed marriages exempt provided their children "do not count as Jews"

Front 2

History of the ghettos

Back 2

term for "separate jewish quarters" in italy during 16th century
-used in venice to separate jews from society

Front 3

POWs

Back 3

were sent to dachau and auschwitz/Birkenau
-first ones at Dachau
-could be let out of the camps if they were re-educated
-experimented with zyklon b
-2nd largest death toll

-3 million died

Front 4

shmaltsovnik

Back 4

the blackmailers who were typically polish who take in Jews and hide them for money. When they ran out of money, they would turn them in

Front 5

Führer Principle

Back 5

Part of Hitler’s worldview; an idea of (commitment to) uncontested leadership, what Hitler says, goes and is unquestioned.

Front 6

• Redemptive anti-Semitism

Back 6

Instead of just hatred, a need to destroy the Jews; it gives a sense of urgency and calls people to action.
Important to kill the Jews because they are the reason for ALL THE PROBLEMS.
A religious fervor to “save the world for Aryan Germany” (Saul Friedlander)

Front 7

• Dachau

Back 7

First concentration camp located in Germany;
Dachau was public knowledge and was spoken of in the press
o Nazis were perfectly open about it, though it was described as a “re-education center.”
o Political prisoners (after Reichstag fire), communists and social democrats were imprisoned as “homeland security measures” as the first inmates, NOT Jews right away
o Added criminals in order to make other prisoners look worse and make them all look like criminals
o This camp provided slave labor for armament industries
o Had 140 subcamps
o Arbeit Macht Frei began at Dachau
o Hypothermia and high altitude decompression experiments performed at Dachau
o Gas chamber ONLY for experimental purposes, NOT a death camp

Front 8

• Marzahn Gypsy Camp

Back 8

600 Berlin Gypsies were sent to the Marzhan Gypsy camp in 1936 prior to the Olympics.
-wanted to clean up the streets
- Men were assigned to force labor and were subject to very poor conditions, disease was prevalent.
-Most deported to Auschwitz in 1943

Front 9

• Einsatzgruppe(n)

Back 9

Mobile killing squads,
commanded by Heinrich Himmler.
-Comprised mostly of Eastern European Jews.
Translates as “deployment group.”
Functioned under the SD (security service of the Nazi party).
Employed after Operation Barbarossa
o By August 1941 ca. 50,000 Jews
o By end of 1941 another 500,000

Front 10

• Treblinka:

Back 10

Opened in 1942, 1 million people killed here-fake railway station that led to the camp. Over 800 Sonerkommando (Jews who worked in camp)
o Liquidated most Jews from Warsaw Ghetto
o Set up as a “fake resort”
o UPRISING **

1943: Jewish workers revolted after which german authorities gradually shut the camp down.
-unorganzied
-corpses littering the camp

Franz Stangl-director of Sobibor was transferred to clean up treblinka

very public camp, large fields and polish farmers could see what was happening.

Front 11

• “Rescue through labor”

Back 11

Jews believed that if they worked and made themselves useful they could rescue themselves and survive. So working and having a job was incredibly important and coveted in the community
o If Jews become indispensable, they wont be killed (specifically in ghettos)
o Rumkowski is associated with this idea
o It is often in the workshops that people would get fed

Front 12

• Chaim Rumkowski

Back 12

Head of the Jewish Council in the Lodz Ghetto;
encouraged a cult personality around himself (stamps with his face printed on them)
-he tried to save as many Jews as possible.
Hated by many, and aware that transport meant death,
-Rumkowski always attempted to fill transport lists with outsiders and asocials rather than Jews and those who were healthy.
-Eventually transported to a killing center and died with his people (rumor had it they had killed him themselves)

Front 13

• Theresienstadt:

Back 13

Ghetto and transit camp near Prague;
Small camp 30-40,000 people. 3
33,000 died in Ghetto.
Red cross inspection, many sent to Treblinka and Auschwitz

Front 14

• Red Cross visit to Theresienstadt

Back 14

In June 1944 Red Cross visits for 6 hours;
Eichmann orders a clean up of the camp
1945 Red Cross comes back and everything is considered ok

Front 15

• “Kanada”

Back 15

Area of Auschwitz-Birkenau where the clothes, jewelry and other valuables of arriving deportees were stored. Its name comes from the prisoners' image of Canada as a land of plenty.
o Delousing at Birkenau

Front 16

• Auschwitz (from lectures and books – history, structures, prisoner population)

Back 16

After 1942, primary functions: Extermination & labor
o Soviet POWs intended on being sent to Auschwitz
o Auschwitz I,II (Birkenau) , and III (Buna-Monowitz)
o Summer 1940
oUPRISING **women put gunpowder on their bodies and passed it along to Sonder Kamnando (people who cleaned bodies out of gas chamber)
Oct 7-set fire to crematorium, but didn't work as well as
expected

o Swimming pool→in case of fire
o Brick barracks: easier to put up; easier and quicker to take down
• Wood more readily available than stone

Front 17

•Wannsee Conference

Back 17

The purpose was to coordinate all government ministries and departments involved
o January 1942
o Hitler NOT present
o Heydrich was put in charge of the “Jewish Question”
o 4 year plan advocates keeping Jews needed in war industries
o Government general request their 2.5 million Jews to be killed first (unfit for work and spread disease)
o Decision made to establish killing centers
o Coordinated a uniform policy for gassing
o Postponed Wannsee 42 days after Pearl Harbor→needed to formalize, historians say that it must not have been so pressing because they waited

Front 18

• “Jew Hunt”

Back 18

o Fall 1942 and spring 1943
o When Einsatzgruppen were searching for Jews in Poland
-locals helped.
also involved the order police

Front 19

• “Harvest Festival”

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o Fall of 1943: Germans launched attacks against Polish Jews living in Lublin area
-Majdanek camp, Jews taken to pits and shot
-played music in the camps to drown out shooting noise
o Killed 42,000 Jews within a few days

Front 20

• “Jozefow”

Back 20

one of the towns Reserve police Battalion 101 entered
o First orders where Ordinary Men police battalion were assigned for their massacre
o Psychologically difficult
o Paired up face to face killing
o Walk alone into woods with victim, often conversing, and then shoot them

Front 21

• Pope Pius XII

Back 21

o Could have encouraged people to not kill Jews
o Doesn’t do anything—remains silent but AWARE of the atrocities
o Wants to maintain Catholicism’s power in Europe
o Believes Hitler is at least better than the Soviets and communisms (no religion)
o Would rather side with fascism
o Fears for Vatican’s safety

2 main goals
-combat communism
-keep catholics safe

Front 22

"Germanization”

Back 22

o A program to bring Ethnic Germans into Third Reich and give them land in the east
o Took non-Aryan children to integrate into German society; questions the sanctity of blood….
•Can you take a Polish child and put him in a German home and will he be considered Aryan?

Front 23

• Stalingrad

Back 23

o Major turning point in WWII→Germans realized that they would not be able to take over Russia, therefore no more space to grow empire, decline in moral, downturn of German war machine
o THE MILITARY TURNING POINT FOR GERMANS
o Hundreds of thousands are killed on both sides
o Soviets win
o Sours public opinions of the Third Reich

Front 24

• Chelmno

Back 24

o First camp where poison gas used for mass murder
o GAS VANS
-told they were being sent to germany but they were sent to the vans to shower, and then bodies were dumped in the forest
o Used to kill Jews from Lodz ghetto nearby, and victims from surrounding region
o Started in December 1941
o 320,000 dead

Front 25

• Sobibor

Back 25

• Sobibor
o Constructed for killing
o Run by Austrian commander, Franz stangel
o Total dead: 250,000
o Opened April 1942
o Uprising**escaped the concentration camp
started oct 1943. Led by Leon Feldhemler who worked with Soviet POWs to revolt against the Nazis and revolt against the whole camp

-wanted to evacuate whole camp so noone was left behind to get punushed

Front 26

• Majdanek

Back 26

o Designed as killing center and labor camp
o Many political prisoners here
o Majority of Soveit POWs here
o Gas Chamber built in 1942
o 360,000 killed here

Front 27

• Belzec

Back 27

o Streamlined killing using diesel fumes
o 600,000
one survivor, this is the camp that had the witness to the gassing,
-Gerstein. Disinfection officer who witnessed the disinfection of jews using Diesal fuels.
- Later became a hero because he destroyed Zyklon b. Told others to beware.
-went to vatican but they didnt believe him

Front 28

• Jan Karski

Back 28

-Worked for Polish underground
-infiltrated concentration camps
Gave first eyewitness account of what was going on in the camps
-Shared with Roosevelt and Britain
-they didn't know what to do with the information

Front 29

• Jewish resistance (definitions from the readings)

Back 29

o Bauer: Any action consciously taken in opposition to known or surmised laws, actions, or intention directed against the Jews by the Germans and their supporters
o Hilberg: Jews didn’t resist because he regards armed resistance as the only legitimate form of real resistance
o Keeping up cultural practices
o Smuggling
o Education

Front 30

• Bishop Galen

Back 30

o Catholic bishop of Munster hears about euthanasia campaign in July 1940
o Told not to create a fuss or the church would suffer
o When mental patients removed from his own diocese, preaches his famous sermon in August 1941

Front 31

• Mischlinge:

Back 31

: A Jewish Mischlinge was someone with only one or two Jewish grandparents
o He/she classified as full Jew, if a member of a Jewish religious community, or married to a Jew
o First degree: 1 Jewish parent or 2 Jewish grandparents
o Second degree: 1 Jewish grandparent

Front 32

• Exceptions to Mischlinge:

Back 32

o 1. If you are married to a German and your children are raised German then your children are considered Aryan
o 2. Veterans from WWI
o Applies only to children
o Hitler did not want resistance to this

Front 33

• Nazi doctors:

Back 33

o Respected and seen as bright, upstanding citizens
o Nazis wanted to be back up by doctors
o Doctors signed fake death certificates
o Experimentation on Jews
o Propagated idea of euthanasia and T4 program
o SELECTION

Front 34

Hitler

Back 34

o Born 1889
o Awarded Iron Cross for bravery in WW1 on recommendation of his Jewish Officer
o Leads failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923
o Chancellor of Germany 1933
o Fuhrer (President) of Germany 1934


committed suicide, shot himself

Front 35

• Ghettos (especially Lodz, Warsaw, and Minsk):

Back 35

-Minsk: soviet unions largest ghetto
-First major ghetto: Lodz in Feb. 1940
-Warsaw ghetto: biggest uprising
-Ghettos implementation to separate people
-An interim solution to segregate the populations
-Degree varies from place to place

Front 36

• Kaiser Frederick Barbarossa

Back 36

o 12th century Medieval German emperor (1152-1190)
o Unifier of the German people
o Emperor of HRE

Front 37

• Operation Barbarossa

Back 37

o June 1941
o German invasion of the Soviet Union
o Goal: TOTAL DESTRUCTION
o The final line of a “war of annihilation”
o ~27 million Soviet citizens were killed
o Nazis desired the seizure of its land, colonization, enslavement and murder of its people

Front 38

• “Commissar Order”

Back 38

o Commissars take information from military to political officials
o Seen as link between communism and Bolsheviks
o Make sure military remains communist
o Hitler intends to have them killed
o Order says: Go and kill the Commissars
• Violates Geneva convention orders: cannot shoot on the spot

Front 39

• Gestapo:

Back 39

o Geheime Staatspolizei
o Heinrich Muller: HEAD OF THE GESTAPO (1939-1945)
o Political Police
o Round up Jews and take them to camps
o Brownshirts

Front 40

• “Reflection on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East”

Back 40

o Written May 1940
o Approved by Hitler
o Top secret memo about how to treat people in the East
-allowed them to treat people horribly
o Education up to grade 4 and no later

Front 41

• IG Farben:

Back 41

o Chemical manufacturing industry
o Coal mining towns nearby
o Prime geographic location

Front 42

• Law of the Reconstitution of the Reich:

Back 42

o 1933 the police is controlled by the states
o After the Law passes, the Federal government controls police forces and centralizes power
o Minister of interior becomes in charge of police force

Front 43

German police forces

Back 43

First established in 1918
Order Police (orpo)
green uniforms
-took over all of third reich police responsibilities

Front 44

German political police (Gestapo)

Back 44

secret police
Established in 1918 by Weimar Republic after WWI
Put down extremism, especially leftist (communism)
-Himmler is the head of this

Front 45

Pawiak Prison

Back 45

Part of Warsaw Ghetto
assault base for the Nazis
-most prisoners went and never came back, shot soon after arrival

Front 46

• Wehrmacht after opening of the eastern front

Back 46

o Whermacht: German military
o Things get more difficult when they open the eastern front
o Not allowed to talk of defeatism
o Cracking down discipline-wise to ensure military stays intact
o When the German army became Hitler's army

Unprecedented harsh discipline
Very cohesive unit
Very anti-Semitic
Goals were to kill Jews also

Front 47

• Final Solution

Back 47

o Decision to liquidate the Jews
• Summer 1941
• Historians believe it is done being planned by October 1941
-discussed at wannasee conference

Front 48

• Definition of Jewishness/Jew

Back 48

o 1935 Nuremberg Laws
o 1st supplementary degree
o Jewish, Jewish parents, marry a Jew

Front 49

• Yellow star

Back 49

o Geltungsjude : a recognized Jew
o September 1941

Front 50

• Jewish councils (Diner)

Back 50

o Functioning body of ghetto: deportation lists, ensure there is food, education, announcements
o Rumkowski
inbetween for the Nazis and the Jews
-very controversial

Front 51

The Diary of David Sierakowiak (zionism and marxism)

Back 51

o Zionism: major theme for Jews; Dawid was NOT a Zionist but a Marxist because he is starving in a ghetto and believes that if you work you should eat.
o Speaks: French, English, German, Polish, Yiddish, Hebrew, Esperanto, Latin
o Died in Lodz ghetto of TB
o Blames his father for his mothers arrest

Front 52

Aimee and Jaguar

Back 52

Amy=Lily
• Married to Nazi
• Treated horribly by her husband
• They both cheat on each other
• Anti-Semitic
• Nazi all the way until the end of the book
Jaguar=Felice
• Jew
• Lives in underground for a while
• Sent to Auschwitz and then killed

People have different motives for saving Jews

Front 53

• Maus I and Maus II

Back 53

o Art Spiegelman
o Mice are Jews
o Cats are Germans
o Dogs are Americans
o Pigs are Poles
o Frogs are French
o Fish are Brits
o Bugs are Gypsies
o Strategies for survival
• Liquidated cash and used for bribes
• Wealthy and access to resources
• Hiding
• Fleeing
• Black market
• Priest looks at Vladik’s number he says his numbers are lucky
• Vladik in a privileged position
• Gives children to relatives
• Has someone care for Anja

Front 54

• Ordinary Men (their battalion, characteristics of these men, where they were located, etc.)

Back 54

o Sources: Testimony during trials
o Hugely personal
o Police Battalion 101
• Middle-aged men from Hamburg (co. 500)
• Converts to Nazism
• Interesting because these aren’t men indoctrinated from birth, but are accepting Nazism and its ideologies
• Jozefow vs. Lowazy
• Argues that the approach in the two towns are very different
• Jozefow: cannot handle this→paired up, face to face killing. Walk into woods alone with victim, often talking, and then kill them
• Lowazy: Created mass graves, no face to face killing
o 500 men, they kill 83,000 Jews in 1 year

Front 55

Head of sepo/Hitler's deputy after 1939

Back 55

Heydrich

Front 56

Kripo

Back 56

criminal police
Became part of the Reich Main Security Office in 1939.

Front 57

Sipo

Back 57

security police, headed by Heydrich

Front 58

Dr. Goebbels

Back 58

-minister for public enlightenment and propaganda
Fate: may 1, 1945 committed suicide with his wife after they killed their children

Front 59

Goring

Back 59

headed the 4 year plan for the German rearmament
-in charge of cleaning up german's economy
-supposed to be hitler's successor
-Death sentence at Nuremberg, but commits suicide with poison capsule

Front 60

Heinrich Himmler

Back 60

1933-police chief of munic
1936-police chief of all of germany
-in charge of concentration camps and commands the Einsatzgruppen

-in charge of all killing

-1945 captured by British but commits suicide with hidden cyanide capsule

Front 61

Reinhard Heydrich

Back 61

-Himmler's deputy
-1936-chief of gestapo(security police)

-assassinated in Prague in 1942