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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MDMA (Ecstasy) and MDA historically are grouped with what hallucinogens?
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catechol
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MDMA (Ecstasy) and MDA are derivatives of?
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Amphetamine
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MDMA (Ecstasy) and MDA structure ______?
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But, also similar in structure to amphetamines
• overlap in structure and effects |
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MDMA is on what Schedule?
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MDMA
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MDMA effects are closer to what drug?
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Effects may be closer to methamphetamine than
mescaline |
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Behavioral toxicity of MDMA?
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Behavioral toxicity: euphoria, sociability, hallucinations, elevated mood
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Physiological toxicity:
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increases blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature; decreases appetite, sleep
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Death overdose by MDMA is caused by?
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death by overdose related to over stimulation
of cardiac system |
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MDMA street dose
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Typical street dose 120-250 mg
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Half Life of MDMA
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Half-life 6-10 hours
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Mechanism of Action of MDMA:
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Mechanism: makes serotonin transporters work in
reverse instead of removing serotonin from the synapse, ejects it from the presynaptic neuron • more serotonin in the synapse, more stimulation |
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Causes for Concern:
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Little evidence for physiological dependence,
but behavioral dependence could develop • Purity: lots of MDMA sold on street contains other substances in it • potential for interactions, some substances more toxic than the MDMA • some pills do not contain any MDMA |
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Deliriants effects:
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• Produce confusion, loss of touch with reality
• Some hallucinations, not as potent as the previous ones |
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Derivatives of Deliriants:
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• PCP
• Anticholinergics • Amanita mushroom • Salvia divinorum |
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PCP uses:
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•produced analgesia without depressing blood
pressure or respiration • psychological effects unpredictable in people • animal anesthetic |
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Other PCP-like Drugs
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Ketamine
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What schedule is Ketamine on?
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Schedule III
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Emerging research on Ketamine:
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antidepressant
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PCP schedule?
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Schedule II
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PCP Myths
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• Elevated violence
• Self-mutilation • Superhuman strength |
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PCP Routes of Administration
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• Ingested
• IV • Inhaled |
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Onset of effects for PCP:
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5-10 minutes (depending upon
route) |
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Half-life of PCP:
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1-4 hours
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Duration of PCP
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4-8 h with moderate dose, up to 48 h
with large dose |
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PCP Mechanisms of Action
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Glutamate receptor antagonist
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PCP and ketamine binds to which receptor:
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specific opioid receptor subtype (sigma) binds
PCP and ketamine |
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Effects of PCP:
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“dissociative” anesthetic; can produce
stimulant effects (sympathomimetic, like amphetamine), depending upon user |
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PCP Acute behavioral:
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three main motivators reported by users:
• euphoria/stimulation • depression/sedation • hallucinogenic effects • schizophrenia-like psychosis • unpredictable, highly variable |
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Acute physiological of PCP:
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• risks: convulsions, hyperthermia, rapid breathing
• withdrawal includes: depression, craving, increased appetite and sleep |
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Chronic behavioral:
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• tolerance reported by users (increase dosage)
• high potential for dependence • persistent psychotic episodes (days or longer) • persistent effects long after stopping use • fat soluble, may be released slowly over time, especially during weight loss |
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Chronic physiological:
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• do not appear to be any concerns
• no organ or cellular damage |
