Hae Dissection 1

Front 1

Number of vertebrae

Back 1

33

Front 2

Characteristics of Cervical Verterbrae

Back 2

Number: 7
The Include: Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
C3-C7 are "typical":
transverse foramina (through which, in all but C7, the vertebral arteries pass on their way to the head)

Front 3

Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae

Back 3

Number: 12
costal facets (where ribs connect)
inferoposteriorly angled spinous processes

Front 4

Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae

Back 4

Number: 5
large and thick (support bulk of body weight)
spinous processes point directly posteriorly and do not overlap (allows for lumbar puncture)
mammillary processes (between spinous and transverse process)

Front 5

zygapophysial joints

Back 5

(also called "facet joints")
allow gliding and are found between inferior articular process (of the more cranial vertebra) and the superior articular process (of the more caudal vertebra)

Front 6

Characteristics of the sacral vertebrae

Back 6

usually 5 fused vertebrae form sacrum
sacral canal (inferior continuation of the vertebral canal)
anterior and posterior sacral foramina (transmit the ventral and dorsal rami of the relevent spinal nerves)

Front 7

Characteristics of the coccygeal vertebrae

Back 7

Number: 2-5 (usually 4)
fuse together iwth increasing age
left and right coccygeal nerves exit between sacrum and coccyx

Front 8

spinal curvatures

Back 8

4 main in anterior-posterior direction
Primary:
thoracic and sacral (present in infants, related to hsape of vertebral bodies)
Secondary: (develop with age, related to shapes of the intervertebral discs)
Cervical and Lumbar curvatures

Front 9

kyphosis

Back 9

abnormal exaggeration of spinal curvatures

Front 10

lordosis

Back 10

exagerration of abnormal lateral curvature

Front 11

scoliosis

Back 11

abnormal lateral curvature

Front 12

vertebrae are held together by

Back 12

ligaments (connect bone to bone)

Front 13

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Back 13

connect vertebral bodies together

Front 14

ligamenta flava

Back 14

ligaments that hold adjacent laminae together

Front 15

interspinal and supraspinal ligaments

Back 15

ligaments connecting adjacent spinous processes

Front 16

nucleus pulposus

Back 16

gelatinous material between vertebra below the C2

Front 17

anulus fibrosis

Back 17

thick concentric lamellae of strong connective tissue that hold the nucelus puplosus in place

Front 18

intervertebral foramina

Back 18

adjacent to the body complex, form the channel which the spinal nerves pass through to reach specific portions of the body

Front 19

herniated disc

Back 19

or herniated nucleus pulposes (HNP)
when nucleus pulposus escapes from wihin its anulus fibroses (usually postlaterally, where the anulus fibrosis is thinnest)

Front 20

shrinking of vertebral column is primarily due to...

Back 20

loss of nuclei pulposi water content with age
(makes up 1/4 of vertebral length in children)

Front 21

general functions of vertebral column

Back 21

supporting body
providing the joints and muscle attachments that permit motion
protects spinal cord and related structures

Front 22

diameter of spinal cord is greatest where?

Back 22

in the cervical and lumbosacral portions (where there are lots of nerve cell bodies- where motor impulses for extremities are generated) gray matter and spinal cord diameter in general are larger

Front 23

spinal meninges

Back 23

the three membranes covering the spinal cord:
the pia mater
the arachnoid
the dura matter

Front 24

pia matter

Back 24

closely applied to spinal cord (can't really remove)

Front 25

arachnoid

Back 25

external ot th epia, serves as container for the CSF

Front 26

subarachnoid space

Back 26

"intrathecal space"
during life is filled with CSF
also where...
anterior spinal artery and
2 posteriar spinal arteries travel in cranial-caudal direction

Front 27

spinal anesthesia is delivered by injection into:

Back 27

the subarachnoid space- directly into the CSF

Front 28

dura mater

Back 28

contiguous with the epineurium of the spinal nerves, external to the intervertebral foramina

Front 29

subdural space

Back 29

potential space in life, but can be separated (for example, by blood from a ruptured vessel)

Front 30

epidural space

Back 30

exists in life, loosely filled with fat and veins

Front 31

denticulate ligaments

Back 31

primarily responsible for holding the spinal cord in place
CT extending between pia and dura mater laterally, between the ventral and dorsal nerve rootlets and the filum terminale

Front 32

filum terminale

Back 32

a distal extention of the pia mater and vestigial spinal cord reaching the coccyx

Front 33

spinal nerves

Back 33

31 nerves, that are identified by spinal cord segment of origin and by numbers
pass information between spinal cord and associated dermatome

Front 34

crainalmost 7 cervical nerves

Back 34

emerge through intervertebral foramina cranial to the vertebrae of the same designation

Front 35

C8 spinal nerve is located..

Back 35

in the intervertebral foramina between the C7 and T1 cervical vertebrae

Front 36

The more caudal spinal nerves are located...

Back 36

in the intervertebral foramina caudal to the vertebrae of the same designation

Front 37

herniated nucleus pulposes in the cervical region compresses what?

Back 37

the nerve root exiting at that level (e.g. the C5-6 disk compresses the C6 nerve)

Front 38

herniated disks in the lumbar region compress what?

Back 38

the nerve exiting the intervertebral foramen one segment below the disk (e.g. HNP at the L4-5 level would compress the L5 nerve root and the L5-S1 disc compresses the S1 nerve root)

Front 39

the spinal cord ends around...

Back 39

the level of the L2 vertebra

Front 40

cauda equina

Back 40

"horse's tail" the collection of spinal nerves that pass through a long distal extension of subarachnoid space to reach the appropriate intervertebral foramen

Front 41

tendons

Back 41

connect muscle to bone

Front 42

aponeuroses

Back 42

tendons that form membranes between layers of muscle (papery)

Front 43

muscles are typically innervated by

Back 43

a single nerve, although multiple fibres may actually reach the muscle

Front 44

if the superior portion of the trapezius contracts

Back 44

the scapula will rotate laterally

Front 45

if the inferior portion of the trapezius contracts the scapula will

Back 45

rotate medially

Front 46

in order for a muscle to relax or contract... what must happen?

Back 46

its antagonist must contract or relax and ATP must be available

Front 47

superficial muscles of the back

Back 47

Trapezius
Lattisimus dorsi
Rhomboideus major and minor
Levator scapula

derived from hypomeres
innervated by ventral primary rami (except trapezius)
actually muscles of the upper limb

Front 48

Trapezius- ORIGIN:

Back 48

(proximal)
external occipital protuberence and medial third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, ligammentum nuchae, spinous processes of the 7th Cervical vertebra and all 12 thoracic vertebra

Front 49

Trapezius- INSERTION:

Back 49

(distal):
Superior Fibers- insert into posterior border of the lateral third of clavicle
Middle Fibers- insert into the medial margin of the acromion and posterior border of the scapular spine
Inferior Fibers: converse to end in an aponeruosis inserted into the scapular spine

Front 50

Trapezius- ACTION

Back 50

upper and lower fibers act to rotate the scapula (for full abduction of the upper extremity0
upper fibers acting alone, elevate the shoulder and brace the shoulder girdle under weight,
central fibers- run horizontally and retract the shoulder
lower fibers draw the scapula downward.
when acting together, the scapula can be adducted and the head drawn backward

Front 51

Trapezius- INNERVATION

Back 51

Spinal Accessory nerve (NOT FROM BRACHIAL PLEXUS LIKE OTHER SHOULDER MUSCLES)

Front 52

Latissimus Dorsi- ORIGIN:

Back 52

(proximal) arises from a broad aponeruosis of the posterial layer of the thoracolumbar fascia, the spinous processes of the lower 6 Thoracic vertebrae, and fleshy digitations of the caudal-most 3 or 4 ribs, may also attach to iliac crest

Front 53

Latissimus Dorsi- INSERTION:

Back 53

(distal) intertubercular groove of the humerus

Front 54

Latissimus Dorsi- ACTION:

Back 54

extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus (ARM)

Front 55

Latissimus Dorsi- INNERVATION

Back 55

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

Front 56

Latissimus Dorsi- INNERVATION

Back 56

Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6-C8)

Front 57

Rhomboideus Major and Minor- ORIGIN

Back 57

minor- from ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7 and T1 vertebrae
major- from spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae

Front 58

Rhomboideus Major and Minor- INSERTION

Back 58

medial border of the scapula from the level of the scapula spine to the inferior angle

Front 59

Rhomboideus Major and Minor- ACTION

Back 59

retract the scapula and rotate it to depress the glenoid cavity
also fix the scapula to the thoracic wall

Front 60

Rhomboideus Major and Minor- ACTION

Back 60

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

Front 61

most superficial back muscles are attached to what? and involved in movements of what?

Back 61

the scapula
the upper limb

Front 62

Levator scapulae- ORIGIN

Back 62

(proximal) arises from the transverse processes of the first 4 cervical vertebrae

Front 63

Levator Scapulae- INSERTION

Back 63

(distal) insters into the superior portion of the medial (vertebral) border of the scapula

Front 64

Rhomboideus Major and Minor- INNERVATION

Back 64

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C4 and C5)

Front 65

Levator Scapulae- ACTION

Back 65

(contraction helps shoulders shrug)elevates the superior angles of the scapula and tends to draw it medially
rotates the scapula so that the glenoid cavity is titlted inferiorly
when the scapula is held in a fixed position, the levator scapulae bends the neck laterally and roates it slightly toward the same time

Front 66

Levator Scapulae- INNERVATION

Back 66

by the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves from the cervical plexus and by a brance from the dorsal scapular nerve (C5) to the muscle's lower fibers

Front 67

triangle of auscultation

Back 67

bounded by the latissimus dorsi, medial border of scapula and the trapezius
gives good access to breath sounds because no muscle and very little tissue to interfere with lung sounds

Front 68

Intermediate Muscles of the Back

Back 68

derived from hypomeres
innervated by the ventral primary rami
thin and weak serratus posterior (superior and inferior) muscles
act on ribs as accessory muscles of respiration

Front 69

Serratus Posterior Superior- ORIGIN

Back 69

ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of C7-T3

Front 70

Serratus Posterior Inferior- ORIGIN

Back 70

spinous processes of the T11-L2 vertebrae

Front 71

Serratus Posterior Superior- INSERTION:

Back 71

four fleshy digitations attach the superior to the 2nd to 5th ribs

Front 72

Serratus Posterior Inferior- INSERTION:

Back 72

four flat digitations that insert into the inferior borders of the last 4 ribs

Front 73

Serratus Posterior Superior- INNERVATION

Back 73

ventral rami of T1-T4 spinal nerves

Front 74

Serratus Posterior Inferior- INNERVATION

Back 74

ventral rami of the T9-T12 spinal nerves

Front 75

Serratus Posterior Superior- ACTION

Back 75

elevates the ribs during respiration

Front 76

Serratus Posterior Inferior- ACTION

Back 76

pulls the ribs outward and downward, counteracting the inward pull of the diaphragm during respiration

Front 77

The deep (intrinsic) back muscles

Back 77

3 layers:
superficial- splenius msucles
intermediate later- erector spinae
deep layer- transversospinalis system of muscles
innervated primarily by the dorsal primary rami

Front 78

Splenius Capitis and Cervicis- ORIGIN

Back 78

ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7-C6 vertebrae

Front 79

Splenius capitis and cervicis- INSERTION

Back 79

instert on the transverse processes of the neck (cervicis) or the skull (capitus)

Front 80

Splenius Capitis and Cervicis: ACTION

Back 80

extend the head and neck (w/ opposite partners)
laterally bend the head and neck to the side (when acting unilaterally)

Front 81

Splenius Capitis and Cervicis: INNERVATION

Back 81

capitis- innervated by dorsal rami of the middle cervical spinal nerves
cervicis- innervated by dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves

Front 82

Erector Spinae: ORIGIN

Back 82

(inferior attachment) intermediate layer of deep back muscles
iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis
arive by braod tendon from the posterior aspect of the iliac crest, posterior aspect of the sacrum, the sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and the supraspinous ligament

Front 83

Erector Spinae: INSERTION

Back 83

(superior attachment)
iliocostalis muscles attach to the angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes

longissimus muscles- attach to the ribs between the tubercles and angles, to the transverse processes in the cervical vertebral regions and the mastoid process of the temporal bone

spinalis muscles- attach to the spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and mid-cervical region, and to the skull

Front 84

Erector Spinae- ACTION:

Back 84

together the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles extend the vertebral column and head
unilaterally- they bend the vertebral column laterally

Front 85

Erector Spinae- INNERVATION

Back 85

dorsal rami of respective spinal nerves in each region

Front 86

Deep Layer of Deep Back Muscles

Back 86

semispinalis
multifidus
rotators

Front 87

semispinalis Capitis- ORIGIN

Back 87

(inferior attachment) tendons from transverse processes of first 6 or 7 thoracic vertebrae and 7th cervical vertebra

Front 88

Semispinalis Capitis- INSERTION

Back 88

(superior attachment) between superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone

Front 89

Semispinalis Capitis- ACTION

Back 89

extends the head and rotates it so the face turns toward the opposite side

Front 90

Semispinalis Capitis- INNERVATION

Back 90

dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

Front 91

Deep layer of Intrinisc Back Muscles- ORIGINATE

Back 91

transverse spinal processes in lumbars to the spinous or transverse processes of vertebrae above

Front 92

Tranversospinal Muscle- ACTION

Back 92

stabilizing vertebrae during movements of the vertebral column and assisting in extension and rotary movement of the vertebrae

Front 93

intersegmental (interspinous and intertrensverse) muscle- ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION

Back 93

attach adjacent spinous and transverse processes, probably function as sensors for spine position