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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What passages in the Bible refer to the Eucharist?
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Matthew: 26:17-30
Mark: 14:22-24 Luke: 13:26; 22:19-20 John: 1 |
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Give a example of a piece that was the center of a polyptch.
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Mosaccio's Madonna
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What does Maesta literally mean?
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Madonna in Majesty
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What does Measta refer to?
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An iconographical term used to describe an image of Mary and Child enthroned, often accompanied by angels and saints
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When were Maesta's particularly popular for altarpieces?
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13th and 14th century (Italy)
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What was the Hodegetria?
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An iconographical term used to describe an image of Mary holding the blessing Christ Child on her left arm (right side of the image) and poiing towards it with her righhadn. Eventually, Christ holds a scroll, n attribute marking him as the incarnated "Word of God."
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What does the hodegetria derive from?
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Bzantine icons, exemplified in teh panel of the Church of Santa Maria MAggiore in Rome.
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Where is the hodegetria exemplified?
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In the panel of the Church of Santa maria Maggiore in Rome
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When was the Council of Trent?
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1545-63
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When was the Fourth Lateran Council?
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1215
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When did Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) live?
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1304-1374
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What was Petrarch's full name?
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Francesco Petrarca
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What does Paragone mena?
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italian term for the comparison/competition among arts (visual arts, poetr, music) and within the arts (sculpture, painting, architecure)
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Where does the word 'paragone' stem from?
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The 1817 edition of Leonardo da Vinci's 'On Painting;' Renaissance sources speak of 'maggioranza' (~! predominance) of a certain art instead
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Who was Poggio Bracciolini?
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(1380-1459); Humanist who rediscovered Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria ('Training on Oratory') at monastery of St. Gall in 1416; 'Institutio Oratoria' was a treatise on rhetoric that lalong with Cicero's De Oratore became the bases forReanissance discussion ont eh relationship between apinting and poetry.
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Who was Enea Silvia Piccolmini?
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Pope Pius II (1406-65); theorized ont he common origins of letters and painting
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What were the two subdivisions of the Seven Liberal Art?
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Trivium (grammar, dialectic/logic, rhetoric
Quadrivium: arithemtic, music, geometric, astronomy All were understood as serving the highest science, theology |
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What were the Liberal Arts opposed to?
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The Mechanical Arts, among which painting and sculpture were traditionally counted.
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Who was one of the first Renaissance artists to leave his sculpture unpainted?
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Michelangelo
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What does Uomini Famosi refer to?
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Italian term meaning, literally, 'famous men.' Depictions of cycles of 'Uomini Famosi,' including ancient rulers and writers but also contemporaries and saints, were very common in 14th and 15th century Italy. They were mostly executed in wall paintings or miniatures. A very early example dating from the mid 14th century can be seen in Orsanmichele, the former granary of Florence
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Who was Leon Battista Alberti?
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1404-72; author of several treatises on wide-ranging topics: three art-theoretical writings: De Pictura (On Painting, 1435 in Latin and Italian), De Sculptura (On Sculpture, ca 1440?), De Re aedificatoria (On Architecture, 1452)
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Who was Giorgio Vasari?
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(1511-1574); Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori (Lives of the painters, sculptors, and architects), first ed. 1500, second ed. 1568
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What was the Sacra Conversazione?
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An image of hte Maonna and Child amidst some saints, usually interacting between them in a unified space.
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What does sfumato mean?
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'Smoked"
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What is Italian for 'unfinished?'
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Non finito
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What is mimimeis/imitatio?
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Greek and Latin terms, respectively, which stand for hte ideal of imitation of nature in art; the catgory of truth to nature is of higheest important for the Italian Renaissance artists and rt theorist
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What was Boteguzza?
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First 'class' of hte Florentine Renaissance school system, in which students at the age of 8-10 learned to write and read and acquired basic skills for mercantile correspondence.
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What was Abacus?
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Second 'class' of the Florentine Renaissance school system, in which matehmatics, basic Latin, and literature (Ovid, Hesiod, Dante) were taught. Someone trained to be an artist ahd to attend teh abacus
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What type of literature was taught in the Bacus?
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Ovid, Hesiod, Dante
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What 'class' did someone trained to be an artist have to attend?
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The abacus
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What Ancient Greek sculptors did Petrarch believed created the famous Horse-tamers on the Quirinal in Rome?
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Praxiteles (290-320 BC) and Phididas (500-540 BC)
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What did Petrarch believe Praxiteles and Phidias created?
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The famous Horse-tamers on the Quirinal in Rome
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What did 'aria' mean?
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Term introduced by Petrarch, Cennini, and others to point tot he hardly definable difference between an original and an artistic copy, which varies strongly from one artist to the other; it adds the notion of 'I don't know' (Io non so - Filarete in his Trattato del'Architettura) to Renaissance art-theory)
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Who introduced the notion of 'I don't know' to Renaissance art-theory?
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Filarete in his Trattato dell'Architettura
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What does stile mean?
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Italian for 'style.'
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Where is the idea of individual style first introduced?
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Filarete's Trattato di architettura when he describes the varying styles of different scribes. Stile/style therefore derives etymologically from stilo (Italian for 'pencil.')
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What is 'pasticcio?'
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The mixtures of many styles in one piece of art.
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Where is the term 'pasticcio,' introduced?
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In a letter from Raphael to Pop Leo X on the August 7, 1515) in which he discusses the pasticcio oa the Arch of Constantine in Rome, where ancient Roman artistic styles from the times of Trajan and Antoniu Pius are combined with late antique stylistic elements
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What is Ars et ingenium?
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Latin formula for hte combinatio nof "skill" and "talent;" embodies the combinated of learned knowledgeon the otne hand and innate ability on the other; ars is knowledge that can be required and ingenium is something that an artist must be born with
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What does Quintilian describe as the force drivign the orator's work?
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Ingenium, as the talent could never have been learned from a manual
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How does Leonardo Describe the inimitability of a painting?
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Similar to Quintilian's ingenium
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Describe 'contrapposto.'
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Italian term meaning 'set against;' describes an antique sculptural pose in which a figure is shown in frontal posture, with its weight fully on one hip; supporting side tends to show a hip placed higher than the opposite side, and a shoulder slanting lower,as in Polykletus's Doryphorus
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Who was Roger Bacon?
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(1220-1292); English Franciscan philosopher and educaitonal reformer who was a major medieval proponent of experimental science and a student of mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages; when analyzing the impact of astronomical constellation on earthly life he introduced the Latin term, influentia
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Who was Cennino Cennini?
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(1370-1440); Italian painter and writer who composed the first practical treatise ont eh art of painting in vernacular Italian, Il libro dell'arte (1390); in the treatise, he recommends the painters begin their painting by imitating directly the manner of another master and then progress towards the development of their own manner (maniera propria)
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How did Cenino Cennini recommend that painters carry out their training?
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Begin by directly imitating another master and then progress towards the development of their own manner
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Who was Filarete?
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Antonio Averlinio (1400-1469); Italian sculptor, architect, and theorist, whose Trattato di architettura (1461-64) was the first REnaissance architectural treatise to be written in vernacular Italian (which introduced the idea of 'stile')
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Who was Benedetto Accolti?
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(1415-1466); Italian jurist, historian, and humanist; author of De Praestantia Virorum sui Aevi ("On the Excellence of Man in his Time 1462-63);, in which he claims that rules (lexZ) and habits (mos) in artistic production change according to place, time, and individual artist
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Who was Cristoforo Landino?
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(1424-1504); Italian author of a 1481 commentaryon Dantes Commedia; in his preface, justified the use of the vernacular Italian by comparing hte native language to the native artistic achievements of Florence; includes a characterzation of various well-known Florentine artists in this discussion, a description for which he begins to develop a vocabulary for writing aobut art, including worrds, such as rilievo, compositione, gratioso, ornato, scorci-prospettive, facilita, vivo, devoto, varieta, colorir, and puro
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Who was Robert Grosseteste?
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(1175-1253); English bishop and scholar who introduced European Christendom to Latin translations of Greek and Arabic philosophical and scientific writings
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Who was Roger BAcon?
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(1240-1292); English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer who was a major medieval proponent of experimental science and a student of mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages
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Who was John Pechma?
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(1240-1292); archbishop of Canterbury and philosopher who wrote on scientific as well as moral and scriptural subjects; author of a treatise on optics entitled Perspectiva communis>
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Who was Eraxmus Ciolek Witelo?
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(1230-afer 1280); Silesian and Polish friar, theologian, and scneitst who also wrote an influential medieval treatise on optics entitled Perspectiva
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Who was Alhazan?
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Ibn al-Haitham (965-1040); Islamic mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments. Greatly influenced the later optical studies of Bacon, Pecham, and Witelo
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What was the triptych?
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Polyptych
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What was the Black Death?
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One of the most devastating plague pandemics in human history; began in South-western or Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s (hitting Italy in 1348); estimated to have killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population (about 20 million people); irrevocably changed Europe's social structure, shaking the institution of the Roman Catholic Church, and resulting in widespread persecution of minorities such as Jews, Muslims, foreigners, beggars, and lepers
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What does 'certezza' mean?
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Italian term meaning 'certainty;' described an important category to create a hierarchy within the diferent fields included in the Quadrivium and Trivium; for its certezza astrology was usually ranked highest; in the 15th century, the category became equally valid for the visual arts
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What does 'Rilievo schiaccato' mean?
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Italian term for the use of very fine, barely raised relief work to createa sense of depth and perspective in the background of a cut stone panel (as in Donatello's 'St. George and the Dragon')
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Who does 'Construzione Leggitima' mean?
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'Legtimilate construction;' term introduced by Leon Battista Alberti in his De Pictura in 1435 to describe his construction method of linear perspective in painting, including horizontals and transversals (Martin Kemp, The Science of Art, Fig. 24)
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Give an example of a 'bird's eye view' painting.
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Botticelli's 'Adoration of the Magi'
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What is the difference between linear perspective and color perspective/aerial perspective?
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Leonardo distinguished between methods of creating perspective in painting; linear perspective denotes the proportional reduction of objects in size ccording to their distance from the viewer, based ont eh "visual pyramid" created byt eh sightlines between the eye and the object of vision; color, or aerial, perspective denotes the depiction of distance by altering the color of the object represented (Leonardo pinpoints blue specifically as a color that may be varied to create the effect of distance, as in 'Virgin with Child and St. Anne)
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Who was Sigismondo Maltesta?
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(1417-1468); Representative of the ruling family of Rimini; in 1446, he decided to turn the Church of San Francesco in Rimini inot a mausoleum for Isotta degli Atti (later his wife); commissioned Agostino di Duccio and Leon Battista Alberti with the so called Tempio Malatestian; Piero della Francesca painted a fresco in the building)
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What does 'All-antica' mean?
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Term denoting the use of a classicizing (antique) style
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What does gravitas mean?
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Dignity, high seriousness or solemnity of manners; in ancient Rome, it was one of the virtues men were expected to possess, together with pietas and dignitas
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Describe Ovid's Metamorphoses.
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Probably completed in 8 CD, Ovid's Metmorphoses is a long Latin poem containing a compendia of myths and classical stories dealing with transofrmation, told chronologically from the creation of hte universe to the death of Julius Caesar; the Metamorphoses enjoyd enormous popularity in both the humanist and general aristocratic communities of the Renaissance, heavily influencing both literature and the visual arts; (Ovid lived from 43 BC to 17 CE)
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Who was Lucretius?
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(99-55 BC); Roman poet and philosopher; his only known work is the epic philosophical poem, De Rerum Natra On the Nature of Things); divided man's history into three cultural periods: 1. The Age of Stoen; 2. The AGe of Bronze; 3. The Age of Iron ~! anticipated conclusions of some of hte greatest modern archaeologists; his theories of the beginnings of mankind are reflected in Piero di Cosimo's mythological paintings, representing Lucretius's description of primitive bestiality
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Describe Momus.
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One of hte many treatises written by Leon Battista Alberti (around 1440); surprisingly cynical portrait of the life of a prince; representative for the 'sinister side' of the Italian Renaissance
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Who was Girolamo Savonarol?
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(1452-1498); Florentine Dominican monk; highly influential and popular preacher against moral curroption; claimed the need of areligious and moral regeneration, inciting 'bonfires' of the vanities and a strict life of self-mortification and was venerated by his followers as a prophet, since he declard to have visions about the Last Days. Excommunicated and charged with heresy, and eventually burned in 1498
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Describe iconology.
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Branch/method in art history studies, focused on the interpretaiton of figural representations referring to their (supposedly hidden) symbolic meaning; most important definition of this methodology was provided by Erqin Panofsky (1892-1968) in his "Studies in Iconology," where it is described as a third level of understanding (after formal and iconographical analysis), pertaining to the domian of hte "intrinsic meaning or content, constituting the universe of symbolical values)
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What is a cassone?
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A large wodden chest, very often made in pairs, richly painted and guilded; used to hold a bride's trouseau and usually placed int eh bridal chamber at the foot of the bed; the decoration commemorates the marriage through the use of marital allegories and mythological subjects
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Who was Pliny the Elder?
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(23-79); ancient Roman equestrian soldier and author of the colossal, third-seven book work entitled Historiae Naturalis ("Nautral History", which covers topics ranging from zoology to gemstones; several books in his Historiae are dedicated to a discussion of the arts and artists of the ancient world, including the thirty-fifth book, which is devoted to painting - Pliny's Historiae Naturalis was an extremely important and influential source throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance
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Who was Butaedes?
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Famous Greek sculptor whom Pliny the Elder credits with the invention of three-dimensional art, particularly portraits –Pliny writes: «modelling portraits from clay was first invented by Butades, a potter of Sicyon, at Corinth. He did this owing to his daughter, who was in love with a young man; and she, when he was going abroad, drew in outline on the wall the shadow of his face thrown by a lamp. Her father pressed clay on this and made a relief, which he hardened by exposure to fire with the rest of his pottery; and it is said that this likeness was preserved in the Shrine of the Nymphs» (from Pliny’s Book XXXV. XLIII. 151)
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Who was Narcissus?
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Tragic greek hero, who according to Ovid’s Metamorphoses falls in love with his own mirror-image on a water-surface. He drowns in the attempt to embrace himself. For Leon Battista Alberti (De Pictura, 1435) the Narcissus-myth reveals the origins of painting, as the protagonists takes an image for real and falls in love with it.
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Who was Veronica?
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According to the apocryphal Medieval Latin Gospel of Nicodemus Veronica was the woman who wiped Christ’s face with a cloth, while he was carrying the cross to Golgotha. Christ’s true portrait was thereby miraculously traced on the cloth- In the Latin gospel the name Veronica is etymologically drawn back to ‘vera’ (lat. for true) and ‘Icon/ Eicon’ (lat./greek for image).
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What was the Holy Mandylion?
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Image of Edessa; according to the first version of the legend (Eusebius’s History of the Church, 1.13.5-1.13.22), Agbar – the king of Edessa, affected by a fatal disease- wrote to Jesus craving for his miraculous intervention, and received an answering letter accompanied by a likeness of Jesus. This long developing legend differs in many details: for example, the image is said to be either a portrait from life executed on a cloth or an image formed when Jesus wiped his face on the linen cloth.
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Who was St. Luke, the Evanglist?
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Said by tradition to be the author of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, the third and fifth books of the New Testament tradition states that he was the first iconographer, and painted pictures of the Virgin Mary (The Black Madonna of Częstochowa) and of Peter and Paul. Thus late medieval guilds of St Luke in the cities of Flanders, or the Accademia di San Luca ("Academy of St Luke") in Rome.
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What does 'Di sotto in Su' mean?
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A term applied to extreme foreshortening and perspective in a painting designed to hang above eye-level, which creates the illusion that figures and objects are situated/suspended above the viewer in space
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Who does 'psyché' mean?
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Term applied to extreme foreshortening and perspective in a painting designed to hang above eye-level, which creates the illusion that figures and objects are situated/suspended above the viewer in space
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Who was Isabella d'Este?
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(1474-1539); Born as princess of Ferrara, she was married to Francesco Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, at the age of 16. Under her auspices the court of Mantua became one of the most cultured in Europe. Isabella was portrayed by Titian, Rubens and Leonardo. Both she and her husband were greatly influenced by Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortigiano ('The Courtier'), in the following a model for aristocratic decorum for over two hundred years.
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Who was Giuliano de' Medici?
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(154301479); son of Piero the Gouty, brother of Lorenzo, was assassinated in Santa Maria del Fiore during the Mass on April 26 by Francesco dei Pazzi, member of a family of Florentine bankers, who organized a conspiracy (the so-called Congiura dei Pazzi) to overthrow the Medici
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What does '11) Ars utinam mores animum que effingere posses,/Pulchrior in terris nulla tabella foret' mean?
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'Art, if you were able to represent the costumes, character and soul,/There would not be a more beautiful painting on earth;' the sentence comes from a collection of epigrams written by a 1st century Roman poet, Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial), and appears on a painted scroll in Domenico Ghirlandaio’s portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni.
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Describe vellum/parchment.
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Dried and prepared animal skins were used as the basis for books and drawings before the invention of paper. “Vellum” is the term for extremely fine prepared skins, generally from calves; “parchment” denotes prepared skin in general, usually from sheep, goats, or cattle.
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Describe 'gesso.'
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Italian for ‘chalk’. Mixed with animal glue chalk/gypsum was used as primer coat for panel painting. Cennino Cennini also mentions it as ground for experimental drawing, which could be scraped off from the panel and renewed.
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What is hatching?
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Drawing technique for creating volume by covering the surface of a figure with additional lines. Possible patterns include cross-hatching, parallel hatching, and curved hatching.
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What does 'schizzo' mean?
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Italian term for “sketch,” used by Vasari in 1568 to denote the initial drawn designs, the first compositional and figural experiments for a work of art.
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Who does 'primo pensiero' mean?
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Italian term meaning, “first thought” and applied to some drawings in Renaissance texts, denoting the early stages of planning and conceiving a composition.
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What is a cartoon?
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Large sized design or preliminary drawing. Lines drawn on a cartoon/paper could be pricked through and were 1:1 transformed to the final painting or fresco. (See as example Leonardo’s Saint Anne, Saint Mary and the Christchild)
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What does 'pentimeno' mean?
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'Pentiment’ (plural pentimenti) is an alteration in a painting showing that the artist has changed his mind as to the composition during the process of painting. The word derives from the Italian pentirsi, meaning to repent. In drawings pentimenti are mostly left completely visible and reveal the experimental use of the medium.
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Who was Lorenzo Ghiberti?
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(1378-December 1, 1455); Born Lorenzo di Barolo; Florentine sculptor, goldsmith and art-theorists. In his Commentari (1447) a theory of Disegno (design, outlining or drawing) is first formulated as the basis of all visual arts.
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Who does 'colorito-designo' refer to?
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Venetian Color vs. Florentine Design/ Drawing, describing the two positions held in artistic practice and theory about the primary means for making art approximate nature and to reach artistic perfection. A long-lived debate between the two positions involved theorists as well as artists as well as aesthetic concerns.
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What does “invenit, deliniavit, pinxit” mean?
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“[he] invented, sketched, portrayed [it]”: designates the designer, inventor of the composition.
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What does “incidi, fecit, sculpsit” mean?
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“[he] cut/engraved, made, sculpted [it]”: designates the engraver, executor of the print.
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What does “excudi, formis” mean?
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“[he] ‘struck out,’ formed [it]”: designates the “editor” of the print.
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Describe a woodcut.
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a type of print made by a relief technique in which a design is carved into a soft wooden block with chisels and knives – the finished design sticks out above the surface of the carved block, after the excess wood is cut away – when the block is inked, only the raised surfaces retain the ink – then, when the plate is put through a press, the ink captured on the raised design registers on the paper
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Describe a chiaroscuro woodcut.
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A kind of woodcut produced with one or more tonal blocks (usually colored), often combined with a line block (usually black) – the line block is used to give the basic outline of the design – the various blocks are then registered and printed on the same sheet of paper – this type of woodcut was designed to imitate monochrome drawings with white highlights drawn on tinted paper, a type of drawing very common during the Renaissance
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Describe an engraving.
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A type of print made by the manual incision of lines into a metal plate (usually copper), using a burin – width and depth of the line are dependent on the pressure exerted by the artist’s hand and arm – engraved lines generally swell in the middle and taper toward the ends – after the engraved plate is inked, the excess ink is wiped from the upper surface – when the plate is put through a press, the ink captured in the incised lines registers on the paper
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Describe etching.
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A type of print in which designs are bitten into a metal plate (usually copper) by acid. The metal plate is highly polished, and then coated with acid-resistant ground (usually made of wax, asphalt, and resin). A preliminary drawing is transferred to the covered plate, and traced over (cutting through the ground to the metal) with a needle. The plate is then exposed to acid, such that only the lines laid bare by the needle are corroded. The depth and quality of the incisions in the plate, which will then be filled with ink and printed like an engraving, is dependent on the method and length of acid exposure.
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Describe drypoint.
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A type of engraving done with a sharp tool (not with a burin) on a metal plate – the burr left behind by this sharp tool builds up along the sides of the line and absorbs ink, producing a soft, velvety line – drypoint plates, however, are more fragile than plates engraved with a burin because the burr ridges wear down quickly through repeated use in a printing press
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Describe burin.
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The primary tool used in engraving – it has a wedge-shaped tip that produces a sharp, deep, clean-edged line
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Describe the burr.
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The ridge of displaced metal at the end of or along an engraved or drypoint line – in engraving, the burr is removed with a scraper – in drypoint, the burr is left behind to absorb ink and to produce a characteristic soft, velvety line
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Describe niello.
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A type of print made as a proof on paper from a plate of gold or silver, which has been engraved with a view to being inlaid with niello, a black substance composed of metallic alloys – the incised gold and silver plates were used widely in fifteenth-century Italy to decorate goldsmith productions like reliquaries or jewelry – goldsmiths made prints from the plates in order to check their work and to record their designs for future use – niello prints are thought to be precursors to the production of engravings in Italy
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Describe first state/second state.
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A first-state print is an impression that was taken from the original design as inscribed into a metal plate or woodblock – a second-state print is an impression taken from the same plate or block after it has been reworked or revised from its original design
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Describe 'virtù.'
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Italian, literally, “virtue.” A term used in 16th-17th century art theory to describe involvement with the visual arts of a particularly high quality, it denotes technical excellence and overall worth - e.g., Vasari’s description of Michelangelo as possessing the “virtù” of “divinissimo ingenium (the most divine talent).” Works of art may possess virtù, as well as artists. Also used in a courtly context to describe an ideal of refined behavior, and applied to collectors and connoisseurs of art in the 17th century.
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Describe 'furia.'
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Italian term traditionally applied to painting, literally meaning, “fury.” The term is used to denote the energy and autonomy of figures (but characterized at the same time the temperament of the artist).
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Who was Ascanio Condivi?
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(1525-74); Italian painter and writer, known principally for his biography of Michelangelo, Vita di Michelagnolo Buonarroti (1553), probably written directly under Michelangelo’s influence. Condivi emphasizes his personal relationship with the artist, and contests certain aspects of Vasari’s 1550 biography.
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What does 'Figura serpentinata' mean?
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Italian, literally, “serpentine, or snaking, figure.” An elaboration of the contrapposto pose, the figura serpentinata is a figure including dramatic torsion (hips and head vs. shoulders turned to opposite directions), and appearing differently at different viewing angles. The term came to denote an ideal of 16th century painting and sculpture, and was an important element in the Mannerist style. (See Michelangelo’s Christ in S. Maria Sopra Minerva as example)
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Who was Pope Julius II?
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(1443-1513); Bornas Giuliano della Rovere; elected pop in 1503; Michelangelo’s great patron, Julius II commissioned an elaborate tomb from the sculptor (eventually realized in a much-diminished form), along with the Vatican Sistine Chapel ceiling in 1508. Julius simultaneously commissioned frescoes from Raphael (along with other collaborating artists) to decorate his private apartments at the Vatican palace (the stanze). Julius was also responsible for the building of the new St. Peter’s (by Donato Bramante), among many other major artistic and architectural commissions.
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Who was Cosimo I de'Medici?
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The first of the Medici Granddukes of Tuscany, Cosimo was a major patron of Michelangelo, Bronzino, Vasari, and Cellini, among other artists. He served as co-director of the Accademia del Disegno in Florence, in partnership with Michelangelo. Cosimo commissioned the Grotta Grande as part of the Boboli Gardens at the Palazzo Pitti, just outside Florence, beginning in 1550. Bernardo Buontalenti created the Grotta Grande between 1583 and 1585: commissioned works for the grotto include frescoes by Bernardino Poccetti, Giambologna’s Venus, Vincenzo de’ Rossi’s Theseus and Helena, and Baccio Bandinelli’s Adam and Eve. Michelangelo’s Slaves (commissioned for the Tomb of Julius II) were added in 1585.
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What was the ACcademia del Disegno?
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Drawing academy founded in Florence in 1563; Vasari served as one of the first heads of the Accademia, where drawing was taught both from natural models and from copying the masters.
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Who became the 'incarnation' of the artistic deals (the list of Italian words) in 16th century art theory?
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Michelangelo
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What is the Italian word for 'difficulty""
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Difficoltà
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What is the Italian word for' loftiness, lightness, ease, and grace' (also used as a behavioral ideal in a courtly context)?
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Sprezzatura
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What is the Italian word for 'loveliness, lightness?'
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Leggiadria
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What is the Italian word for 'ease?'
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Facilità
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What is the Italian word for 'manner,' translated as 'stele?'
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Maniera
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Who first used the term, 'maniera?'
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Vasari (1550) to denote the “maniera Greca,” (Medieval style with a rather negative connotation for Vasari) in contrast to Michelangelo’s High Renaissance maniera.
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What is the Italian word for 'grace, charm?'
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Grazia
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What is the Italian word for 'judgment, 'referring to the ability of the artist and his self-judgment?'
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'Giudizio
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What is the term for extreme admiration, denoting awesome, practically divine energies?
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Terribilità, as applied by Vasari to Michelangelo.
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