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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mir
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● is a Russian peasant village community that persisted until the Russian Revolution in 1917.
● The Mir preserved order in the village, regulated the use of communal arable lands and pastures, and was collectively responsible for paying government taxes; all of this was reserved for the serfs. ● Due to the growing population of serfs, there was less land for them to occupy and the government believed that the Mir was holding Russia back. ● After the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, the Mir was abolished and collective farms were introduced. |
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V.I. Lenin
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(22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924)
● Lenin believed that a small, disciplined, professional group of revolutionaries, called the Vanguard party, was needed to lead the proletariat and to violently overthrow the bourgeois capitalist system. Lenin also believed in the idea that a totalitarian state should be established to effectively guide Russia. ● He gained a lot of support through his writing and led the Bolsheviks to spark the Russian Revolution in 1917. He became the dictator of Russia until his death in 1924. |
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Joseph Stalin
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● He took control over the Soviet Union after Lenin’s death.
○ Although, Lenin’s dying wish was to make sure Stalin would not come into power ● Led the Soviet Union to victory over the fascist states in World War II with the help of the allied nations, U.S. and U.K. ● Land reform by collecting all the land and made them mutual farms. All farmers work on one same land to increase productivity. ● Five-Year Plan based on Marxists ideas. **** ● Viewed as a brutal and ruthless dictator because of the genocide of millions of Russians who were not good communists (Kulaks) according the Leninist and Stalinist forms of Marxism. |
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Bolsheviks
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● Bolsheviks were a faction of the Marxist Russian social democratic labor party which split apart from Menshevik faction at the second party congress in 1903.
● Ultimately became the communist party of the Soviet Union. **** ● Came to power during October revolution phase of the Russian revolution of 1917. ● The majority that was part of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party opposed to the Mensheviks. ● They believed that violence was necessary for the revolution to succeed; only a violent uprising in the proletariat can truly create a communist state, with the rebellion to be headed by a small number of intelligent revolutionaries. ● They also supported the industrialization of Russia as well as favored the urban workers over the rural peasants/farmers. ● Lenin sided with them. |
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Mensheviks
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• A faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1904 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov.
● More moderate and positive towards the mainstream liberal opposition. **** difference ● The minority that was part of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and opposed to the Bolsheviks. ● They were much more aligned with the ideology of Marx and they believed that reform and democracy will gradually bring Russia into communism; formulation of a parliament and organization into different parties will allow Russia's working class to gain more power. **** more USAish |
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Collectivization
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● Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan called for the organization of the peasantry into collective units that the authorities could easily control. ****
● This collectivization program entailed compounding the peasants' lands and animals into collective farms and state farms and restricting the peasants' movement from these farms. ● Also, used to reduce the economic power of the Kulaks. **** |
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Kulaks
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● Known as the “bad” communists
● Stalin in particular sought to eliminate the wealthiest peasants, known as kulaks. ● Generally, kulaks were only marginally better off than other peasants, but the party claimed that the kulaks had ensnared the rest of the peasantry in capitalistic relationships. ● Kulaks are known as the people who left the Mir farms, and Stalin wanted to eliminate these people because they left the system |
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Magnitogorsk
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● Translates into “Magnetic Mountain City”.
● It was a huge communist project taken by Stalin to show the wonders of communism. ● They wanted to create the largest steel refinery in the world to show that they could be industrial like the rest of the world and they basically did overnight. **** ● Some of the people working there were forced laborers and criminals sent there from corrective labor camps. ● Among 20,000 Kulaks were rounded up and exiled there as part of the collectivization program. **** ● This is when the trend of people’s lives being boiled down to their industrial output began. People started to become popular based on the projects they had worked on, etc. Guerin refers to this as the start of the culture of the labor celebrity. |
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Three All” Campaigns
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● It was the approach that the Japanese in the North China Area Army took when it was ordered to wipe out communist guerrilla in China in 1939.
● The campaign meant “kill all, burn all, and destroy all in those areas containing communist forces.” ● The population of the Chinese Communist Party dropped dramatically. ● This campaign was designed so that peasants could turn against the communists however, it backfired; peasants grew hatred towards Japan thus, they helped the Communists defeat Japan. - 1941 |
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Internment camps
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● These camps were formed as a result of Imperial Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order of relocating Japanese Americans to these camps. The internment camps were formed mostly due to racial prejudice and war hysteria.
● Japanese Americans born in the states were given somewhat more privileges over elder Japanese citizens born in Japan. ● The camps were located in California, Utah, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arkansas, Hawaii, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, and one more state, but I can’t remember which one :( ● Camps that Japanese Americans were sent to during the WWII era. |
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Pax Americana
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● Latin for “American Peace”.
● After WWII, the question of “Who is going to control the new world?” arose. Colonialism was explicitly at its end by this point, but it can be argued that colonialism did change into a more informal form of colonialism called “Neocolonialism”. Communist governments rose to popularity in a number of newly liberated former colonies, and industrial nations are really itching to have access to the old benefits of colonies. America began to assert itself in the newly liberated countries by providing them with arms, governmental security, helping them with trade, rebuilding their war-torn nation with acts like the Marshall Plan (below). Underlying all of this assistance was an ulterior motive set on making the US the ruler of the new world and stumping communism at each facet. ● To keep the communist from mobilizing. ● After WW2, the US was the #1 superpower of the world. The US took the role of “policing” other countries; the US exerted its strength in maintaining peace. ● Workers are uniting in Eastern Europe, setting up communist governments and the United States provided funding to have access to raw materials and open trade. ● US took the stance of taking military action in nations influenced by communism. |
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Marshall Plan
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● Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance. Examples are Turkey and Greece. US used it as an incentive to turn other countries away from Communism.
● The plan to funnel billions of dollars into Europe in order to prevent communist influence and aid to Europe for reconstruction. **** |
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Mutually Assured Destruction
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● MAD reflects the idea that one's population could best be protected by leaving it vulnerable so long as the other side faced comparable vulnerabilities. In short: Both sides have enough weapons to ensure that regardless of who shoots first, both sides will end up completely destroyed. The result of such a strategy really only guarantees the total destruction of both sides.
● Ex. US vs. Russia during the Cold War. |
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ALN/FLN
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● revolutionary political parties in Algeria that supported the war of Independence for Algerian natives against the French (1954-1962)
○ use of guerrilla units ○ Left-wing Algerian nationalists ● ALN: National Liberation Army: Terrorist attacks on French civilians ● FLN: National Liberation Front: on the political side of things ● Liberation movements to free Algeria from France. - 1950’s - People moving to free Algeria, Free Algeria from France, anti-imperialism ideas. Fanon ideas. |
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Austerity programs/"structural adjustment
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● The idea that governments needs to cut off civil services in order to adjust to the amount of debt owned by the country. ****
● Currently very popular among European nations and the United States. ● Importance: Gives banks economic and social control over the ex-colonies. These Austerity programs/”structural adjustments” would more than often be centered around opening these country’s trade to the global economy and privatizing their government so that they had to spend more money on imports from the industrial countries instead of spending the money on the people to strengthen their government in the time of developmentalism. Essentially, this allowed the industrial countries to access the goods of the countries they had once called colonies and take advantage of the country’s workers that were vulnerable to the harshness of global economic practices such as outsourcing the people for pennies on the dollar. This is, essentially, neocolonialism. |
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International Monetary Fund
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● an international banking organization aimed at promoting international trade and monetary cooperation between democratic nations/states and the stabilization of exchange rates
○ related to indirect colonialism (neocolonialism) with the use of SAPs |
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Islamic Salvation Front (F.I.S.)
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● an Islamic political party bent on creating an independent Islamic state and urged the need to protect the private sector and encourage competition, promoted gender segregation, had conflicting leaders on the sides of peaceful revolution which condemned violence and the side which stated “there is no room for democracy in Islam”
● when: founded in 1989 ● where: Algeria ● An Algerian Islamist Political Party. **** ● Formed by an alliance of five smaller Muslim parties after the introduction of multi-party. ● Strongly criticized Algeria’s planned economy urging the need to “protect the private sector” and encourage competition ● pushed for the establishment of Islamic banking (interest free) **** ● Why: Gain power in election through popular vote, but keeps on getting kicked out because of the government. No matter what happens the FIS wins the popular elections, but the government will keep fight back through civil war. |
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Houari Boumedienne
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● a chairman for Algerian revolutionary council and president of Algeria (1965-1978)
○ he opted for state-driven industrialization (urban technology), nationalizing the oil industry and increasing the government’s revenue, he wanted to create a Third Path for the government that wasn’t all traditional or all Western ○ wanted equal status for Western countries and ex-colonial states ○ the US provided money for his campaign against Ahmed ben Bella |
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Salt March and boycott (1929):
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● Was the beginning of a nationwide campaign to boycott the salt tax in India. MahGandhi and his followers marched to the coast of the town Danhi; Gandhi picked up salt and broke the law
● Gandhi’s Salt March, or Salt Satyagraha, was mass civil disobedience (willingness to break the law) towards the Salt Tax. It was emphasized that the marchers must perform non-violence and restrain themselves from fighting back any British officers that may try to stop the march. The Salt March attracted massive media attention the world, which praised Gandhi’s passive, but firm, approach in expressing India’s nationalism and nationhood. |
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Caste System
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● The class system in India, still exist today.
● The ranking of members in a society by occupational status and degree of purity or pollution as determined by their birth; prominent in Hindu countries. ● The class you’re born into will be the one you will marry into and will most likely be the one you remain in for the rest of your life. ● The caste system featured five different classes. The Brahmins, or priests, were at the top. They were the spiritual leaders and taught at stupas, or temples. The kyshatriyas were warriors and rulers. They often made the more important decisions in running the government, but could be over-ruled by the Brahmins. The vaisyas were the skilled workers and minor officials that ran things locally. The Sudras were the unskilled workers, like slaves, but were still paid. The pariahs or untouchables were outcasts. They had the jobs no one else wanted, like burying people. |
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BJP (Hindu fundamentalist party)
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● An Indian political party supporting Indian nationalism. They advocated conservative social policies, self-reliance, and a free market policy
○ they wanted to create a modern, prosperous nation drawing inspiration from Indian ancient culture ○ wanted to provide political, social and economic equality for all |
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Jacob Arbenz
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President of Guatemala- 1951:
Wanted Guatemala to shift from a dependent economy to an independent economy. (Example would be to try to get the United Fruit company out of the country) Guatemala raises the standard of living since they pass the agrarian laws. 1953- President bought some land from the united fruit. The United States saw this as act against American interest. They label the president as a communist. They took him out. US interest The US got what they wanted by making the President look like something bad, when he wasn’t. |
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Imagined Community
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● we are bonded together national identities
○ For example. as Americans we are bond by football, ○ For example a newspaper, we read it but we are aware that hundreds of people out there are also reading the same paper. It ties us together, gives a feeling of community. A constitution, hot dogs and baseball |
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United Fruit
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United States Corporation that took fruit (mainly bananas) from Central America and sold to US and Europe.
● Chiquita bananas ● US interest- major interest land holding in central America ● Little taxes in Latin America. ● Also influence local policies. ● Exploitation ● Many huge profits and aid from the United States. ● thrive in 30’s 40’s ● Dictator support in the Caribbean and Central America. ● This was a classic case of how American intervened in country’s politics to control them with the excuse of defending against communism. ● After Arbenz redistributed the land to people since United Fruit was not working it properly, America claimed it was Communism and began to overthrow Arbenz from inside the country. They first started to spread propagandist rumors about Arbenz being a communist that was trying to ruin the Guatemalan economy. They then started a fake war using their own man, Carlos Castillo Armas, as a figure. They made destabilizing peace in Guatemala by making the people think that the rest of their nation was uprising by running CIA mandated bomb raids and setting a radio station called the “voice of liberation” which talked about how revolution and civil unrest were occurring in the nation. ● All of this civil unrest leads to years and years of civil wars in Guatemala. |
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Speak bitterness” sessions
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Farmers during Chinese revolutions tell tragedies to old landlords.
● During the Chinese revolution, such sessions were held for farmers to tell their tragedies to old landlords. (and to denounce the “atrocities” they had committed) |
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Muslim Brotherhood
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● wanted a society that closely resembled the Muslim society from Muhammad's time
● set up social programs ● Is an Islamic transnational movement and the largest political opposition organization in many Arab states. The group is the world's oldest and largest Islamic political group,[1] and the "world's most influential Islamist movement".[2] The Brotherhood has as its slogan "Islam is the solution".[3] It was founded in 1928 in Egypt by the Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna. |
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City of the Dead
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Located in Egypt, outside of Cairo. Slums on top of a cementary.
● Slums ● People in the outskirts living on top of a cemetery. ● Residential slums near factories, created on top of a cemetery. Located in Egypt, outside of Cairo. It was a representation of how urbanization separates people ● Government cut off their water and electricity in belief that the people could survive on their own without government help. ● Muslim brotherhood provides supply for them. |
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Green Revolution
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research and technological innovation for agriculture. Increased crop production.
Pesticides, fertilizers ● a large increase in crop production in countries by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding crops (usually genetically modified) ● (1940s-1970s) |
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Package technology
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package of a way to have superior crops
● developed during the Green Revolution (1940s-1970s) to promote “super seed” sales, the package consists of genetically modified super seeds, fertilizers specifically used for super seeds, time-tabled water schedules and new machines (harvesters and seeders) |
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Intercropping
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Growing different crops next to eachother mainly used for sustaining crops.
● during the Green Revolution (1940s-1970s) which was the growing of different kinds of crops next to each other in order to produce more food than the new super seeds. ○ thought to promote the idea of safety-first: if one crop fails then the grower has all the other kinds he grew ○ requires more labor than if they were growing one type of food at a time and is used mainly for sustenance farming rather than growing for profit |
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Factor biases
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idea that western scientists were only solving western farmers’ problems.
● developed during the Green Revolution (1940s-1970s) and is the concept that Western scientists were only solving the problems of Western farmers and didn’t take into account the problems of the rest of the world |
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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs
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- Genetically modified crops yield better production
● New technology development led to genetically modified crops. ● These genetically modified crops can grow better and immune to more disease. Dramatically increase the efficiency of farming. ● Because of the new technology, food production greatly increase which also causes the huge increase in world population. ● Monsanto Seed were first to patent genetically altered seeds. |
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Empire Windrush (Jamaica to Britain, 1948)
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Jamaicans migrate Britain, then Britain creates laws that makes requirements on who can migrate their from their colonies
● Boat of Jamaicans that arrived in Britain looking for work ● Since Jamaica was once a British Colony and these Jamaican workers had Common Wealth Passports, they could not send the people away like they wanted **** ● The above is correct. Jamaicans, because they were technically a colony, had British passports so when they show up to Britain, they couldn’t be kicked out. It also didn’t help that the British government hadn’t even thought about people immigrating and hadn’t bothered to set up migration laws like the US’s Exclusion Acts.--> Why important - political tension in Britain ● Later they passed laws to regulate the flow of people traveling to Britain from their former colonial lands. Requirements were based on socioeconomic class and level of education. ○ technically it narrowed down immigrant flow to be from elite and upper middle class ● Heralded new migration pattern, from colonized countries to colonial power countries |
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Exclusion Acts (US):
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● Law that was passed in late 19th century to stop immigration into the United States. Mainly to stop Chinese immigrants.
● It was temporary. |
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Levittown, NY (1948)
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first suburb, implemented assembly lines for houses. Many houses looked alike.
● first “suburb”, ● Located in New York. ←-------Good observation.... ● Comes from the idea of mass production, technology & urbanization. ● Beginning of racial segregation in domestic residences. ● Implemented the assembly-line that ford used into house production. ○ Houses often looked identical. This mass production in turn compromised the energy efficiency of these homes. → post war US = energy hog ● Provided cheap housing that everyone can afford. Home ownership increase. |
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“Kitchen Debate” (1959)
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debate – Nixon vs. Nikita – Nixon argued capitalism with examples of appliances that ease our word.
● Impromptu debate between Vice President Nixon and Nikita Kruschev ● Took place in a kitchen model. Debate held in the US (<wasn’t it in Moscow? There were no suburbian kitchens in Moscow at the time. This was extremely new and characteristic of US industrialization) ● VP Nixon argued for capitalism, pointing to the kitchen appliances as examples of the affluence and ease with which capitalist Americans lived ● Kruschev maintained that the world would become Communist ● Debate helped raise Nixon’s profile… more elevated politically…G.O.P. |
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Henry Ford
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● Invented the assembly line, which maximized production efficiency. This invention revolutionized the production industry.
● Ford cuts ● created world’s most popular automobile, Model T ● the creation of his cars created more roads, jobs, and mobility |
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Coca-Colonization
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● Wasn’t popular until after WWII, although very heavily advertised.
● Example of how media spreads throughout the world with the idea of globalization. ● When strong, handsome,(?) American troops landed across the sea, they had Coca-Colas in their hands. It was how America was viewed. ● Connect the idea of marketing. (video of iPod and Asian man and white girl)(nooo.... picture of walkman w/ Asian man and white girl) how it sells a product not just to one group of people. ● Drink and food are a big part of national identity, national beverage. ● Significant because with the US sending financial aid to other states, they used it as a means of marketing their products as well. In other words “We’ll help you financially only if you advertise our products in your country” |
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public radio/TV
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● In the U.S.
● Almost completely funded by advertisements/commercials except one or two channels. ● There were stations set up all over for women and men overseas which is when it became popular → mass media. |
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private radio/TV
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● In Europe.
● Just funded by the states. → State funded radio was often educational. No commercial radio yet ● Eventually, the U.S. starts to leak into Europe which made radio/TV more controlled by advertisements. ● Both public and private radio suggests the question of what kind of role the government wants the radio/TV to play. |
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STAR TV (owned by Rupert Murdoch)
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● a television network broadcast in many countries usually with their own agenda in mind, not bound to any particular view or political agenda
● local ● similar to ABC ● Indian broad-casted channel. Played newer ● played American sitcoms and more in other seas countries to broaden American culture ● new reports are for people of the country instead which makes them look better in a sense compared to American television romantize America by sort of glorifying it ● Indians stole access to it, elite families watching British. |
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CNN versus CNN International
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● Basically the idea that the material of the news media is based on location and viewer.
● Even though CNN and CNN international are owned by the same news corporation, they support different views based on their audience. (Connect to Murdoch?) |
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Majlis
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● Arabic term -"a place of sitting" used to describe various types of special gatherings among common interest groups be it administrative, social or religious in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to Islamic countries.
● The parliament of Iran where people could gather to discuss common interests in administration, social, economic and religious reasons. In 1951, the new government came to power via free elections. Secular reform. Religious support. imposed reform: British and American control of oil. |
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Mohammed Mossadegh :(1951-1953)
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● Prime Minister of Iran from 1951-53
● advocated mild land reform, more rights for labor and greater control for Iranian oil (restricted drilling which upset the US and some European nations) ● During his time as prime minister, a wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out. Unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords' estates. Twenty percent of the money landlords received in rent was placed in a fund to pay for development projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control. ● The US helped to overthrow him in 1953 – that’s fucked up. |
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SAVAK
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Secret police established by Iran’s Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, but trained by US. Operated from 1957 to 1979.
● It practice of torturing and executing opponents of the Pahlavi regime. o Pahlavi was the ruler of Iran and he didn’t want opponents ● Trained by the CIA. Recommended by the govt of the UK. |
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Hizbullah
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The party of God”
● an extremist Shiite Muslim group based in Lebanon that helped to provide housing, public hospitals, markets and educational scholarships for the general public when the government was able/would not provide them ○ received financial aid from Iranian government ○ Shi’a Muslim militant group and political party based in Lebanon. |
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White revolution
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● a reform program launched by the Muhammad Reza Shah of Iran in 1963;
● The shah intended it to be a non-violent revolutionization of Iranian society through economic and social reforms. ● The shah attempted to import western economic ideas and launched massive government-financed heavy industry projects. ● Socially the platform granted women more rights and poured money into education, especially in the rural areas, which had some success in increasing literacy rates. ● The reforms were launched to try to justify the shah's somewhat tenuous rule and to try to build Iran into an economic power on the western model. ● His White Revolution – a series of economic and social reforms intended to transform Iran into a global power – succeeded in modernizing the nation, nationalizing many natural resources and extending suffrage to women. |
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Revolutionary committees (Iran)
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● Groups that emerged after Khomeini assumed control over Iran.
● With the government weak and with no authority, militia started to form in the aftermath of the rebellion, attempting to bring authority to the areas the committee was in charge of. ● Attacked and imprisoned supporters of the Shah. ● Supported by Khomeini. ○ was an Iranian , ethnic Persian/Farsi religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death. |
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Glasnost
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● Policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR in 1985 that allowed freer discussion of social problems.
● was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.[1] The word "glasnost" was first used in Russia at the end of 1850.[2] |
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Perestroika
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● Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s;
● More leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture; he restructuring of what had been the Soviet economy to promote more decentralization, less bureaucracy, and greater individual incentives. |
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Kosovo
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disputed territory
● Under Yugoslavia’s communist dictatorship and occupied by Serbs and Muslim Albanians. Kosovo demanded autonomy but was rejected; began fighting for independence. ● Serbian government initiated ethnic cleansing: political policy use of terror, rape camps, and assaults on Albanian civilians. NATO came and saved Kosovo: came in an agreement with Yugoslavia’s government to withdraw its Serb troops, militias, police and secret police; allow a NATO-led peacekeeping force to enter Kosovo and to allow the ethnic Albanians to return to their homeland. Many Serbian residences became scared and left Kosovo. |
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Slobodan Milosevic
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● He became president of the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of Serbia and Montenegro, in 1997.
● Ethnic violence and unrest continued in 1997 and 1998 in the predominantly Albanian province of Kosovo, as a period of nonviolent civil disobedience against Serbian rule gave way to the rise of a guerrilla army. |
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Ethnic cleansing
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● Serbian government initiated ethnic cleansing: political policy use of terror, rape camps, and assaults on Albanian civilians
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