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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Monosaccharides |
1. Cannot be hydrolysed further 2. Carbonyl group (>c=o) 3. Multiple hydroxyl groups |
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Classification-location of carbonyl group |
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Classification - alpha and beta forms |
(-OH) group attached to C1 -> abv = beta (bird) -> under = alpha (fish) |
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Significance of monosaccharides |
1. Small size, (CH2)n => soluble; ez transport 2. Pen/hexose can exist as rings => stable bldg blks of larger molecules 3. Rings exhibit a, b isomerism => increase diversity of m.sacc. as bldg blks 4. Free carbonyl grp (C=O) => reducing ability. |
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Characteristic - di.sacc. |
- 2 m.sacc. joined by glycosidic bond ~ condensation ♢1 h2o removed - C12H22O11 |
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Maltose |
- a-gl+a-gl - a (1-4) glycosidic bond |
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Sucrose |
- a -Gl+b-Fr - a (1-2) glycosidic bond |
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Common di.sacc. |
Gl+Gl=Malt Gl+Ga=Lact Gl+Fr=Sucrose |
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Describe benedict's test |
1. Reducing sugar (m.sacc & sm di.s) - 2 cm3 solution + 2 cm3 benedict + shake -> place in boiling h2o for 3-4mins 2. Non-reducing sugar - Negative ben test + dilute hcl immersed in boiling h2o for 1 min to hydrolyse + neutralisation ( sodium bicarbonate) + reducing sugar test 🚺 = negative 🔴 = positive |
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Reducing and non reducing di.sacc |
Maltose and Lactose 👌 - free carbonyl grp Sucrose ❌ no free carbonyl grp |
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Draw glycosidic bonds |
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Characteristic - p.sacc |
Condensation of many m.sacc -Glys. Bond |
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Starch (storage) |
- respiratory substrate oxidised to give ATP
- amylose & amylopectin - test starch: 1cm3 iodine to sol. 💙=✅ |
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Starch - amylose |
a-glucose a (1-4) glys bond helical structure |
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Starch - amylopectin |
a-glucose
W/in branch = a (1-4) glys Branch pt = a (1-6) glys
Helical + helical side chains at branch pt. |
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Glycogen (storage) |
More extensively branched than amylopectin -> more efficent enzyme action
W/in branch = a (1-4) glysBranch pt = a (1-6) glys Glycogen molecule coiled into helix |
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Storage molecules (amylose, amylopectin, glycogen) |
1. Many glucose residues to hydrolyse into m.sacc. (like glucose to use as respiratory substrate to obtain ATP) and makes it insoluble 2. Helices - excellent packing per unit volume - intramolecular h-bond for (-OH) grps (less h bond with h2o) 3. Branching (a.pec & glyco) - allow multiple hydrolytic enzym3s to operate concurrently - optimise packing many subunits per unit volume - compact - ⬇h-bond w/ h2o |
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Cellulose (Stuctural) |
1. Plants 2. B-glu via B (1-4)glyc. bond 3. Alternate B-glu rotated 180° wrt e/o -> (OH grps projecting both directn) 4. Linear, unbranched 5. Cellulose chains // to e/o held via intermolecular H-bonds btw (-OH) 6. Cross linked Cellulose chain -> microfibril Meshwork microfibril -> cell wall |
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Stucture to f (x): cellulose |
Indiv. Cellulose - unbranched linear structure, (-OH) grps h-bond extensively w/ other (-OH) parallel to it - macromolecule, fewer (-OH) grps for H-Bond - Insoluble in H2O |
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Mashwork of microfibrils |
- porous structure -> freely permeable - strong rigid structure: meshwork directionally distributes stress ♢f (x): enclose plant cells and protect physical damage
- rare cellulase needed to break down cellulose, hard to hydrolyse |
