H Bio Chapter 16 Jessie Tran

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population genetics

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field of biology that studies microevolution

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gene pool

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consists of all the genes of a local population of organisms; is a central concept in population genetics

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population

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the whole number of inhabitants occupying an area (such as a country or the world) and continually being modified by increases (births and immigrations) and losses (deaths and emigrations)

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evolution

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change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations

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polymorphic

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simultaneous occurrence in the same locality of two or more discontinuous forms in such proportions that the rarest of them cannot be maintained just by recurrent mutation or immigration

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genetic variation

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diversity in gene frequency

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mutation

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the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

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genetic recombination

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the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals

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Hardy-Weinberg model/equation

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p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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p

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dominant allele

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q

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recessive allele

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p^2

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homozygous dominant

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2pq

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heterozygous

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q^2

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homozygous recessive

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microevolution

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evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

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natural selection

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the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

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gene flow

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is the transfer of alleles orgenes from one population to another.

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genetic drift

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variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

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founder effect

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the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

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inbreeding

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breed from closely related people or animals, especially over many generations.

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population bottleneck

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is an event that drastically reduces the size of a population

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inbreeding depression

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is the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding

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quantitative traits

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measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment. These traitscan vary among individuals, over a range, to produce a continuous distribution of phenotypes

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quantitative trait loci (QTLs)

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are stretches of DNA linked to, or containing, the genes that underlie a quantitative trait.

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artificial selection

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intentional breeding of plants or animals. It means the same thing as selective breeding. Selective breeding is a technique used when breeding domesticated animals, such as dogs, pigeons or cattle. Some of these animals will have traits that a breeder will want to preserve