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19 Cards in this Set
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Shrinking Cities International Research Network (SCiRN) definition of shrinking cities |
a densely populated urban area with a minimum popu.ation of 10000residents that has faced population loss in large parts for more than 2 years and is undergoing economic transformations with some symptoms of structural crisis |
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Manchester |
- 1820s: Cotton is "profitable" without protection - WW1 increased competition, ageing machinery - changes in employment: gender, part-time/full-time, sectoral change - Manchester is performing worse than average |
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Soja (2003) |
- fourth urban revolution - change from Fordist to post-Fordist - shrinking cities can be seen as a spatial manifestation of global restructuring processes that are based on an evolving macro-spatial divison of labour and power |
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Pallagst et al (2013) |
- shrinking cities are different from conventional urban decline in that it also incorporates today's global scope of deindusrialisation - decline was made possible, among other factors by the New Economics of flexible, and post-Fordist production and the spread of neo-liberal governance and financial markets, also engendered negative processes of decline resulting in shrinking cities across the world |
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Beauregard |
- "massive decline" in period of parastic urbanism (1950-80) - "mere" shrinkage laterly 80s-00s - - shrinking cities era is notable as one where a number of cities continueed to decline but the absolute number of cities involved and the rate of population loss was reduced |
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Possible causes of SC |
deindustialisation - post-Fordism: Manchester 1981-1997 loss of 64% of manufacturing jobs - political: Leipzig lost 80% manufacturing jobs 1989-2002 - mono-towns/resources suburbanisation - US incorporations - UK new towns |
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Detroit |
- bankruptcy - public service resource low - InDetroit, the mortgage crisis worsened the city’s chronic economicdecline by raising the city’s housing stock vacancy to 30 percent or close toninety thousand units; its population, which by 2000 had shrunk to 951,000—halfits 1950 peak—is expected to dip below 800,000 in the 2010 Census count (Williams 2010) |
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Manchester |
- Barnett formula - public service resource maintained - "victim" of globalisation, once a driver |
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Martinez-Fernandez et al ( |
- anew system of global production, manufacturing, distribution and consumptionhas led to new urban forms made possible by the logistic and new technologyrevolutionbody - outflowof capital and human resources, and are suffering from a lack ofentrepreneurship and low levels of innovation and intellectual engagement.Cities whose development was based on a single industry, or on theconcentration of an activity - A‘shrinking city’ can be defined as an urban area — a city, part of a city, anentire metropolitan area or a town — that has experienced population loss,economic downturn, employment decline and social problems as symptoms of astructural crisis - usedthe terms ‘shrinking cities’ or ‘urban shrinkage’ to describe the urban decayand deterioration associated with the contraction of the population andeconomic base in older North Eastern cities - naturalprocess whereby urban change results from a lifecycle that ends in inevitabledecline - Van den Berg et al. (1982) developed a theory of metropolitan evolutioninvolving four successive development stages: urbanization, suburbanization,de-urbanization and re-urbanization - Harvardurban economists explain the resurgence of immigrant segregation, since the1970s, in US central cities and old suburbs as the result of automobile-dependent suburbanization (Cutler et al., 2005) - ‘shrinkingcities’ are the spatial manifestation of a global process accompanying theestablishment of a ‘new regime of accumulation’ - the entire production system is beingrestructured, generating particularly marked spatial effects - firmsengage in a ‘spatial fix’ to cope with profit crises by geographicallyrelocating production units to lower-wage locations - explains the increasingoccurrence of urban decline - themobility and the volatility of capital and foreign investment are unprecedentedin their speed and scope - Smithet al. (2001) a form of neoliberal urbanism that is the manifestation in thebuilt environment of contemporary capitalism’s creative destruction - wealthaccumulation by a few through the growing dispossession of the masses (Harvey,2005) - speculativeprocesses have brought widespread disinvestment and real-estate devastation tomany a neighbourhood and furthered the spread of economic shrinkage andphysical decline - globally networked cities from both developedand developing countries have emerged interlaced in global production chainsorganized by multinational corporations (Gereffi, 2005). In this global system,cities are susceptible to a new form of temporary or permanent declinedepending on the restructuring of global networks in specific industries (i.e.electronics, automobiles, banking, etc.) - somecan be temporarily or structurally cut off from the ‘space of flows’ - Citieswith rapid growth are perceived as ‘successful, desirable and admired’, and, byimplication, residents of slow-growing or declining cities see themselves asliving in places with a ‘diminished sense of self-worth’ (Leo and Anderson,2006) - problemof housing stock, as housing vacancy and abandonment are common in shrinkingcities - destroyderelict housing in order to make more open space, nicer living environment - abandonedbuildings have extraordinary visibility in cities - symptomatic of the detrimental impacts onquality of life: decreased property values, increased crime, environmentalhazards, rising health and safety issues, which lead in turn to increaseddisinvestment in the city - operatingcosts increase in shrinking cities and fiscal bases are reduced |
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Sassen (2001) |
Overrecent decades, globalization has been concentrating resources, keyinfrastructure and intellectual assets in ‘global cities’, which act as magnetsfor population and skills |
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shrinking city |
A‘shrinking city’ can be defined as an urban area — a city, part of a city, anentire metropolitan area or a town — that has experienced population loss,economic downturn, employment decline and social problems as symptoms of astructural crisis |
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Baron et al, 2010 |
term ‘shrinking’ is not only used to describethe process by which cities lose population and employment, but also to definenew strategies consisting in demolishing vacant buildings and ‘downsizing’ thecity |
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Hoyt(1939) |
Hoyt (1939) developed a cyclic approach to urbanchange. In his study of the structure and growth of residential quarters inAmerican cities, he concluded that residential urban areas undergo an inevitableevolution towards decline, linked to property devaluation resulting from thearrival of less prosperous populations (Lang, 2000). This conception of urbanlifecycles echoes the ‘cycle theory’ in economics |
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Germany |
· In eastern Germany the combined effects ofdeindustrialization, suburbanization, postSoviet re-composition and demographicfactors have produced a hitherto unknown context of urban decline (Oswalt,2006) · In eastern Germany, at the start of the 1990s,the economic upheavals generated by the fall of the socialist regime and theprocess of reunification took place extremely fast. The privatization ofbusiness was accompanied by a forced march to modernization, which resulted indrastic reductions in the industrial sector · The cities in eastern Germany have experiencedmassive emigration, in particular of young qualified salaried workers (andespecially women), who have left to look for work in the West |
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Audirac |
- the differencebetween urban decline and shrinking cities within the context of Soja’s (2003)thesis of a fourth urban revolution - Urbandecline is not new; history highlights numerous cities, which have declined fora number of reasons including famine, resource depletion, natural disastersetc. (Diamond, 2005) - spatial manifestation – locally and regionally –of global restructuring processes that are based on an evolving macro-spatialdivision of labour and power (Soja, 2003) - Shrinkingcities is a result of increased economic integration, spread of neo-liberalgovernance and financial markets, which has engendered negative process ofdecline, resulting in shrinking cities across the world(Oswalt, 2006) - itreflects a glocal view of urban processes and the erosion of the moderninfrastructural ideal (Graham and Marvin, 2001) - Somesuburban analysts see the pervasive penetration of the US’s suburban way oflife—predicated on the car, private mobility and the shop- ping mall—as anassault on the Western European ideal of urban public space imposed by the“current culture of post-Fordist flexibility and individualization of work andlife” (Prigge 2006: 48) - Theincreasing integration of manufacturing and trade between the US and China hasaccelerated the shrinking of the US industrial base and rendered redundantlarge portions of the American industrial labour force (McCormack 2009) - accordingto Short et al. (2007), three processes drivingdevelopment at the metropolitan edge contribute to disinvestment and decline inolder suburbs. These include the green-field-development lobby influencinglocal land use planning; capital disinvestment accelerating the decay of aginghousing stocks; and local exclusionary zoning - “malling”of America, according to Harvey (2000), is a degenerative utopia not onlybecause malls are built at public risk and private gain - most “creative places” (i.e., highconcentrations of lawyers, accountants, financial analysts) are also the mostsocioeconomically unequal is testimony that in spite of its creative acumen,the creative class has not figured out a way to solve shrinking city problemsof poverty, brain drain and economic decline - Harvey’s (2000: 179)observation that utopias of urban form compromise their ideal character as theymaterialize, often producing results exactly opposite of those intended |
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Oswalt, 2006 |
fourcauses of urban shrinkage: deindustrialisation, suburbanisation, aging-in placepopulation and post-socialist transformation |
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redevelopmentinitiatives implemented in cities (Audiac, 234898) |
Raze and Rebuild - clearedfor re-malling projects anchored by big-box retailers, forming private-publicpartnerships Green Economy Approaches - replacingvacant and abandoned properties with green infrastructure. combinationof green planning, land banking and collaborative neighbourhood planning. New Economy Approaches - Universityprofessors turned pundits of the post-industrial city have become consultantsof struggling and shrinking cities e.g. attracting the creative class |
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Richard Florida (2002) |
Richard Florida’s (2002) popular“creative class” ideas, which stress that rather than giving tax breaks tobusinesses, cities must globally compete for talent by developing the kind ofplaces valued by the creative class—urban environments that are open, diverse,dynamic and cool |
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Moraes et al (2012) |
- Suburban Shrinkage: understoodas a degenerative urban process stemming from the demise of the Fordist mode ofurbanism - globalrestructuring of industrial organization associated with the rise of thepost-Fordist mode of urbanism and, more recently, the thrust of Asianindustrialization - importsubstitution industrialization (ISI), Latin American suburbs grew due to theestablishment of industries in areas relatively distant from the metropolitancentre, along railways - mass structural unemployment occurring as a result of themovement of an industry integral to each city, subsequent decline in populationacross each city and global economic restructuring of industrial organisation - InGlasgow, former industrial areas are the locus of considerable investment, viathe conversion of abandoned industrial premises into recreational consumerspaces and luxury residential real estate, (Sabot, 1999) - Withthe rise of post-Fordist urbanism a radical reorganization of the modernFordist city–suburb dichotomy has taken place - varyinglevels of shrinkage and growth spurred by competition for foreign investment;resultant gentrification and displacement from the pressure to redevelop themost profitable sites; unemployment from deindustrialization with a dwindlingpublic welfare safety net; declining support for public housing and provisionof affordable housing; and relatively large populations of poor immigrantsattracted by cheap or dilapidated housing |
