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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between STIs and STDs?
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-STIs=broader meaning
-Infection=pathogen inside body, but doesn't necessarily show symptoms -Disease=signs and symptoms -"STI" is less stigmatizing than "STD" |
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Are all reproductive tract infections considered STIs?
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*NO.
-i.e. candidiasis, BV *In the reverse instance; some non-STIs may be influenced by sexual activity. |
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What is vaginitis?
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-Umbrella term for inflammation and infection of the vagina.
-caused by disruption of normal vaginal flora -"vulvovaginitis" is a better term -could include; BV, trichomoniasis, yeast infections |
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How do yeast infections occur?
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-Occur when new yeast is introduced into vagina
OR -when there's an increase in quantity of yeast already present in vagina relative to quantity of normal bacteria -can be due to antibiotics, immunosupressants, *Yeast multiplies, invades tissues, then causes irritation in vaginal lining. |
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What are STIs caused by?
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-Bacteria
-Viruses ) -Spirochetes -Parasites |
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What are some STIs caused by bacteria?
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-BV
-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea |
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What are some STIs cause by viruses?
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-Hepatitis
-HPV -HIV -Herpes *Vast majority are not curable; although some vaccines and treatments do exist *Vast majority of NON-viral STIs are curable; although problems have developed with drug resistance |
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What are some STIs cause by spirochetes?
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-Syphilis
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What are some STIs caused by parasites?
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-Thichomoniasis
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What are some different gendered aspects of STIs?
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1. STIs are often asymptomatic in female bodies
2. STIs affect the organs in female bodies more so than in male bodies 3. In female bodies, STIs can affect pregnancy and newborn health 4. Women may be more "vulnerable" (i.e. likely to be exposed) to STIs than men. |
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What are some ways to STIs create more problems in female bodies?
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-They are often asymptomatic and harder to recognize/treat.
-they may deal with things relating to pregnancy -women are more likely to be sexually assaulted than men -women may be less likely to be tested -issues relating to Fallopian tubes aren't something males have to deal with |
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What are some of the features of the Fallopian Tubes?
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-thinness of angel hair pasta
-attached to uterus, NOT to ovaries -site where fertilization occurs *Include the fimbria; finger-like projections at the end of the tubes that scoop up the egg *Include cilia; the small, finger-like projections inside of the tubes |
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What are fimbria?
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-Finger-like projections at the end of the tubes that scoop up the egg
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What are cilia?
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-Small, finger-like projections inside the tubes
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What is PID?
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-infection of upper reproductive tracy
-may involve peritoneal cavity (the guy) -FT's open into the body cavity (no such openings in male bodies) |
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Why might women be more "vulnerable" to STIs?
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-women are more likely to be sexually assaulted than men
-women may be less likely to be tested *women are especially more likely to get HIV (2x) |
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What social issues might contribute to women contracting STIs?
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-younger women often partner with older men
-women tend to have less control over how/when sex takes places -women are often expected to get men to wear condoms |
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What is the most common STI in the US?
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*HPV
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What are some aspects of HPV?
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-most common STI in the US
-viral (can't be cured) -has a vaccine that prevents 4 strains of it -passed through genital contact -often asymptomatic -in >80% of cases, body cleats it naturally w/in 2 yrs -"persistent"; it sticks around -may cause cancer; strains 16 and 18 -may cause genital warts -vaccines, Ceravix and Gardasil protect against strains that may cause cancer (Gardasil also protects against warts) *strains that cause warts do NOT cause cancer |
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What strains of HPV may cause cancer?
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-Strains 16 and 18
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What could happen when some HPV infections don't clear up?
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-They could lead to cervical cancer
-They could also lead to less common cancers; vulva, penis, vagina, anus (these aren't the same strains that cause warts though) |
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What is the prevalence of HPV?
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-About 20 million people have it
-About 6 million new people contract it each year -About 50% of sexually active people will get it -About 1% of sexually active people have genital warts |
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Is there a test for HPV for all people?
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Yes; for people with cervixes (all should get screened)
No; for MBP |
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What are the vaccines for HPV?
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-Gardasil; protects against strains associated with warts and cancer (for FBP and MBP)
-Ceravix; protects against strains associated with cancers |
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What causes HSV(herpes simple virus)?
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*1 of 2 viruses; HSV-1 and HSV-2
-HSV-2; causes most genital herpes (happens through genital contact) (1/6 US ppl have it, mostly FBP), may play role in spread of HIV -HSV-1; causes most cold sores |
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What are some of the symptoms of HSV?
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*Most folks have minimal or no symptoms
-when signs do appear, one or so blisters form on/around the genitals or anus -1st outbreak occurs w/in 2 weeks of transmission of virus (get less severe with time) |
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How is HSV diagnosed?
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-diagnosis is discovered by outbreak
-if there's no outbreak, there is a less accurate blood diagnosis available -medication can't cure it, but it can lessen outbreaks |
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What is the biggest risk factor for STIs?
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*Poverty
-90% of new STIs occur in the developing world -In US; socially disadvantaged people are the most affected (black women; 16x more likely, hispanic women; 4x more likely than white women) |
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What is the problem with how our society approaches STIs?
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*We approach STI prevention as an individual problem.
-"people should" -"they need a job" (social class and economic disempowerment are rarely explored in biomedical studies) |
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What are some of the conditions/issues associated with the menstrual cycle?
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-endometriosis
-dysmenorrhea -irregular or prolonged bleeding |
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What are three major activities associated with the menstrual cycle?
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1. Changes in hormones (hormonal cycle)
2. Changes in ovaries (ovarian cycle) 3. Changes in uterus (endometrial cycle) |
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What are some of the major hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?
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-LH
-FSH -Estrogen -Progesterone |
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What is the main event of the Ovarian Cycle?
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*Development of follicles in the ovaries
-main hormones; FSH, LH, and later estrogen |
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What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?
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1. Follicular
2. Ovulatory 3. Luteal |
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What happens in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
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* Happens in response to an increase in GnRH
-then pituitary gland secretes more FSH and LH -FSH signals 1 follicle to deliver egg to final stages ("Mature Graafian Follicle") -follicle then secretes higher amounts of estrogen -estrogen increase leads to negative feedback with FSH and positive feedback with LH |
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What happens in the ovulatory phase?
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-lasts 16-32 hours
*main event; to release an egg *main hormone; LH -prior surge in LH leads to mature follicles bursting open and releasing eggs |
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What is the main event of the luteal phase of the ovulatory cycle?
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*To avoid another ovulation
*main hormones; estrogen and progesterone -ruptured follicle closes (after releasing egg) which leads to it becoming corpus luteum -then the corpus luteum produces more progesterone |
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What are the main hormonal influences of the luteal phase of the ovulatory cycle?
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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What is the main event of the endometrial cycle?
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*To prepare the lining of the uterus to nourish a potential fertilized embryo
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What are the main hormones of the endometrial cycle?
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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What are the main hormones of the menstrual cycle?
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-decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone
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What hormone increases during the menstrual cycle?
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-FSH
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What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
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-The rich endometrium sloughs off and exits through the cervix and vagina.
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What is the main event of the proliferation phase of the endometrial cycle?
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-The build up of endometrium after menstruation
(increased levels of estrogen stimulate endometrium to grow and thicken) |
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What is the main event of the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
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-Implantation of potential zygote
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What is the main hormone of the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
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-Higher levels of progesterone
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How does the implantation of a potential zygote affects hormone levels during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
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-If zygote implants; progesterone prevents another menstruation from occurring
-If the zygote doesn't implant; estrogen and progesterone levels increase |
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How long can a typical menstrual cycle last?
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-20-40 days
(only 10-15% last 28 days) *Follicular phase is the biggest cause for variance in length of cycle. |
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Who has the highest rate of hysterectomies in the world?
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The United States
(1/3 of ppl have them by the age of 60) (most aren't really medically necessary) |
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What sort of messages are promoted about women's menstrual periods?
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*Negative Messages
-they are shown as debilitating, dirty, bad, etc -PMS is medicalized into a mental health disorder |
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What is ovulation triggered by?
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A surge in LH as a result of build up of estrogen in the ovaries
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What is anovulatory ovulation?
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It means ovulation doesn't actually occur
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What are changes most people can expect to experience during their cycle?
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-change in BBT
-changes with cervical fluid -changes with cervical positioning -ferning |
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What changes occur with BBT during the cycle?
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-temperature is lower during the follicular phase
(dips on the day of ovulation -progesterone is associated with an increase in temperature |
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What changes occur with cervical fluid during the cycle?
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*Glands in cervix secrete fluid throughout cycle
*One function; to protect cervical os (keep out bacteria and such) -glands respond to changing levels of estrogen and LH *as estrogen increases at beginning of new cycle; -fluid is thick, viscous, tacky (honey vs. water) *when LH production begins, fluid becomes very thin and watery (more basic pH) -more watery fluid allows semen to pass through -after ovulation, fluid returns to its former state (less alkaline, more viscous) |
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What changes occur with the cervix during the cycle?
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-cervix is firmer to the touch on non-fertile days
-cervix slightly higher in the body on fertile days -subtle lengthening of vagina -Os(cervical opening) is more open on fertile days |
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What is ferning?
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*The fern shaped pattern that is observable in a sample of cervical fluid taken just before ovulation.
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What are some of the benefits of charting your cycle?
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-can help determine when one can and can't get pregnant
-helps track changes and possible problems |
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How long can sperm live in someone else's body?
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-Up to 5 days
(sperm that's put in the body several days before ovulation may lead to conception) |
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How does conception occur?
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-During ovulation, mature graafian follicle goes to the ovum and the egg is released from the ovary into the body cavity.
-egg is helped along by fimbria and cilia -cervical secretions prepare passages for arrival of sperm *if conception occurs; it happens in Fallopian tubes -leisurely trip through uterus (5 days if the egg is fertilized) *egg begins to disintegrate in 12-24 hours if it's not fertilized |
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Where does conception occur?
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The Fallopian Tubes
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If an egg isn't fertilized, how long does it last before it begins to disintegrate?
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12-24 hours
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What is the most common form of birth control in the US?
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Oral contraceptives
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What conditions are needed for conception?
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-healthy ovum
-healthy sperm -"perfect conditions"; low pH, lengthening of vagina. more watery fluid, cilia to help, endometrial lining is thick) |
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How do IUDs work?
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They prevent fertilization
(but don't always inhibit ovulation) |
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What sorts of hormones are in different oral contraceptive pills?
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*"Mini Pill"=progestin-only
*Combination=estrogen and progestin *Extended Cycle Combination |
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What is a LARC?
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A Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive
(i.e. an IUD) |
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What are some of the potential risks of oral contraceptives?
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-problems with blood clotting in some people
-slight, but significant, increase in certain diseases of circulatory system *(NO significant evidence it causes cancer of cervix, uterus or breast) |
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What are some of the potential benefits of contraceptives?
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-protects again endometrial and ovarian cancer and PID
-reduce cramps -help with menstrual regulation -help with acne -reduce other pain associated with menstruation |
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What percentage of pill users use oral contraceptives for non-contraceptive reasons?
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-58%
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Why wouldn't the pill be safe for some people?
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*Has risks for people with bloodclot problems, heart disease, and breast cancer
-does NOT protect against STIs -may cause emotional and libido issues |
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What are IUDs?
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*Small pieces of cooper or plastic of different shapes and sized that are inserted into the uterus to prevent fertilization
-have a high up front cost, but last 3-12 years (it is now highly recommended for women who haven't given birth to use IUDs) |
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What are some of the risks of IUDs?
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-no protection against STIs
-rare (but serious) side effects; infection, pregnancy problems, perforation of uterus -common side effects; IUD expulsion, irregular bleeding, pain |
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What is the typical failure rate of IUDs?
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-less than 1%
(strong user satisfaction; esp. with Mirena) |
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What are some of the benefits of IUDs?
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-low maintenance
-cost effective -decreased risk for endometrial cancer -similar benefits associated with hormonal methods -strong user satisfaction; especially with Mirena |
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Why have IUDs historically been given a bad name?
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"Dalkon Shield"; an IUD that cause PID and death in the 1970s
-due to tailstring drawing in bacteria -complex population control history -marginalized populations have been coerced to use them frequently (disproportional amount recommended) |
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How does plan B work?
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-prevents ovulation and fertilization
*if fertilization has already occurred, you will stay pregnant |
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Why was longer-acting birth control more historically recommended for people of color?
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*They were thought to be "competent" enough to remember to do things like take a pill everyday
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What are the differences in contraceptive advertisements for white and colored women?
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-White women; their ads highlight the other benefits such as better skin, less cramping, etc.
-Colored women; advertise the aspect of stopping conception |
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Historically, have people in the US been forced to have sterilizations?
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-Yes; they have been forced on people and have been encouraged on poorer women
*US was the first to have compulsory sterilization programs |
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Who were the first "targets" of the US' compulsory sterilization programs?
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-cognitively disabled
-mentally ill -some with blindness, deafness, or epilepsy *later on; Black and Native women |
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How many people in how many states were subjected to the compulsory sterilization?
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-Over 65,000 people were sterilized across 33 states that had the sterilization programs
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What is reproductive justice?
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-The complete mental, spiritual, physical, political, economic, and social well-being of women and girls.
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What is reproductive health about?
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-It emphasizes reproductive health services that women need
*strategy; improve and expand services, research, access |
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What are reproductive rights about?
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-Universal legal protections for women
-sees protections as RIGHTS *strategy; legal advocacy to help protect reproductive rights |
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What is reproductive justice about?
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-Emphasizes that oppression results from intersections of multiple inequalities
(connected to struggles of human rights and social justice) *strategy; build up social, economic, and political power of low-income women of color and their communities |
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How many people have concerns with fertility?
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*In 2010 study of 18-30 year olds;
-59% of women and 47% of men had at least SOME -19% of women and 15% of men EXTREMELY |
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What is infertility?
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-FBP; inability to conceive and give birth
-MBP; inability to impregnate a FBP *14% of US couples will have an infertility problem at some point |
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What is the likeliness of success when people are trying to conceive?
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-20% of people conceive on the first cycle
-85% conceive within the first year |
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Infertile DOES NOT equal sterile, why?
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-Infertile=may change over time
-sterile=absolute factor |
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What percentage of infertility is attributable to MBP and FBP?
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-40% FBP
-40% MBP -20% Both |
