Guyett Final No1

Front 1

Normal values for Bilirubin are?

Back 1

normal values total : 0.1-1.2 mg/dl direct bilirubin : 0.1-0.4 mg/dl indirect bilirubin : 0.2-0.7 mg/dl

Front 2

What is Bilirubin?

Back 2

Bilirubin Is the breakdown product of heme, a molecule, that can bind oxygen, presents in hemoglobin and cytochrome

Front 3

Bilirubin can be increased in case of ?

Back 3

1) Increased formation of bilirubin -
destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis)
2) Decreased liver metabolism of bilirubin
3) Biliary obstruction

Front 4

Biliary obstruction is evidensed by?

Back 4

JAUNDICE : when levels are greater than 3 mg/dl
dark urine : when direct bilirubin is increased (it's hydrosoluble)
pale stools : when there is biliary obstruction

Front 5

The prothrombin (blood clotting) time is elevated in:

Back 5

cirrhosis
severe acute hepatitis
vitamin K deficiency
anti-coagulant therapy (warfarin)

Front 6

Why are increased levels of direct bilirubin detected during LIVER DISEASE?

Back 6

Bilirubin (normal values 0.1-1.2 mg/dl)
Reflect the liver's ability to take up, conjugate and secrete bilirubin into the bile. During liver disease secretion is impaired, so there is increased levels of direct bilirubin

Front 7

In advanced liver diseases there is a build-up of ammonia, due to liver disfunction. WHY?

Back 7

Ammonia (normal value <50 mg/dl)
Transaminases remove amino group from amino acids, producing ammonia. This toxic by-product of protein metabolism is transformed in urea (non toxic) by hepatocytes

Front 8

When are GGT values elevated?

Back 8

GGT is also elevated in liver disease, particularly with obstruction of bile ducts. Unlike the alkaline phosphatase it is not elevated with bone growth or damage.

Front 9

When are AST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT values elevated?

Back 9

AST/SGOT , ALT/ SGPT are also liver and muscle enzymes. They may be elevated from liver problems, hepatitis, excess alcohol ingestion, muscle injury and recent heart attack.

Front 10

An elevated number of white blood cells(WBC) is?

Back 10

An elevated number of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. This can result from bacterial infections, inflammation, leukemia, trauma, or stress

Front 11

A decreased WBC count is ?

Back 11

A decreased WBC count is called leukopenia. It can result from many different situations, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or diseases of the immune system.

Front 12

A low level of blood sodium means ?

Back 12

Hyponatremia, sodium loss, too much water intake or retention, or to fluid accumulation in the body (edema). ,confusion, coma, sodium levels are often checked even if you don’t have any symptoms

Front 13

sodium loss (Addison’s disease) is due to ?

Back 13

diarrhea, excessive sweating, diuretic administration, or kidney disease), drinking too much water, heart failure, cirrhosis, kidney diseases that cause protein loss

Front 14

high blood sodium level means you have hypernatremia, WHAT ARE THE Symptoms?

Back 14

Symptoms include dry mucous membranes, thirst, agitation, restlessness, acting irrationally, and coma or convulsions if levels rise extremely high

Front 15

How much Potassium is extracellular and why is are
abnormal values significant?

Back 15

2%, If potassium levels go too low or too high, your health may be in considerable danger: you are at risk for developing shock, respiratory failure, or heart rhythm disturbances

Front 16

What is hyperchloremia?

Back 16

Increased levels of chloride (called hyperchloremia) usually indicate dehydration, but can also occur with any other problem that causes high blood sodium

Front 17

What is hypochloremia?

Back 17

Decreased levels of chloride occurs with any disorder that causes low blood sodium. Hypochloremia also occurs with prolonged vomiting or gastric suction, chronic diarrhea, emphysema, or other chronic lung disease (causing respiratory acidosis), and with loss of acid from the body (called metabolic alkalosis).