Gtown Biochem

Front 1

which step of ATP has a large -delta H

Back 1

the nucloephillic attack of phosphate of the pentacovalent intermediate

Front 2

something that is reduced gets?

Back 2

it gets a Hydrogen thereby becoming reduced

Front 3

alanine gets deaminated to become?

Back 3

the keto form of pyruvate

Front 4

the amount of electrons emitted by..

Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4

Back 4

1) 4
2) none
3) 4
4) 2

Front 5

Amount of hydrogens to equal 1 ATP?

Back 5

4

Front 6

this is used in Complex 2 of OX PHOS

Back 6

it is where Succinate turns into fumarate of calvin cycle and frees FADH2 to be used in that cycle

Front 7

Which has more ATP, FADH2 of NADH and why?

Back 7

NADH because FADH2 missed complex 1 and therefore loses the opportunity for 4 more electrons = 1 lessATP

Front 8

what are the nucleotides in Complex 1

Back 8

they are riboflavin derivatives with Iron-sulfur centers and are electron ACCEPTORS
(FMN and FAD)

Front 9

this complex passes protons from ubiquinol to cytochrome C

Back 9

Complex III

Front 10

coenzyme Q

Back 10

also called ubiquinone and it is embedded in the inner membrane and accepts electrons

Front 11

type of cytochrom C that is an acceptor of electrons

Back 11

Fe2

Front 12

Type of cytochrome C that is a donater

Back 12

Fe3+

Front 13

the pumping of protons causes these two things which ensure that ATP will be synthesized

Back 13

Chemical potential with a change in pH such that the inside of the matrix is ALKALINE

Change in electrical potential such that the Inside is NEGATIVE

Front 14

This is used to regulate Ox Phos in the case of ischemia

Back 14

IF1 inhibitor

Front 15

how does brown fat generate heat?

Back 15

it pumps protons out of the matrix and they com back in through thermogenin and release heat

Front 16

where does cyanide bind in order to stop ox phos?

Back 16

binds to iron in the the heme of complex 4

Front 17

how to treat cyanide poisoning

Back 17

inhale amyl nitrate or IV NaNO2 in order to convert oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin and confuse the cyanide

Front 18

how many ATP and NADH do you get from 1 molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

Back 18

NET 4 ATP and 2 NADH. It USES up 2 ATP earlier

Front 19

this is the first step in glycolysis and it allows glucose to not leave the cell (rev or irrev?)

Back 19

hexokinase, irreversible and requires ATP.

Glucose - Glucose 6 phosphate

Front 20

This is the rate limited step of glycolysis

Back 20

phosphofructokinase

Uses ATP and magnesium and is irreversible

Fructose 6-phosphate - fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Front 21

step of glycolysis that produces 2 end products. which one is further used in glycolysis

Back 21

Aldolase, reversible

Fruc-1,6,bisphos ---> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Used for TG synthesis) + glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (used in glycolysis)

Front 22

converts dihydroxyacetong to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Back 22

triose phosphate isomerase

Front 23

after the split in glycolysis, this is the next step

Back 23

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate DH
(SPITS OUT NADH). Needs NAD+ to work this reaction

Gly3P ---> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Front 24

this is the first step in glycolysis and it allows glucose to not leave the cell (rev or irrev?)

Back 24

hexokinase, irreversible and requires ATP.

Glucose - Glucose 6 phosphate

Front 25

This is the rate limited step of glycolysis

Back 25

phosphofructokinase

Uses ATP and magnesium and is irreversible

Fructose 6-phosphate - fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Front 26

step of glycolysis that produces 2 end products. which one is further used in glycolysis

Back 26

Aldolase, reversible

Fruc-1,6,bisphos ---> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Used for TG synthesis) + glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (used in glycolysis)

Front 27

converts dihydroxyacetong to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Back 27

triose phosphate isomerase

Front 28

after the split in glycolysis, this is the next step

Back 28

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate DH
(SPITS OUT NADH). Needs NAD+ to work this reaction

Gly3P ---> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Front 29

after the creation of the first NADH in glycolysis, this is the next step

Back 29

phosphoglycerate Kinase - spits out 1 ATP and is REVERSIBLE

1,3 - Bisphophoglycerate --> 3-phosphoglycerate

Front 30

converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

Back 30

pyruvate kinase, IRREVERSIBLE, spits out an ATP

Front 31

starting products of glycolyssi

Back 31

glucose, 2 ADP, 2 Pi, 2 NAd+

Front 32

End products of glycolysis

Back 32

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 H+, 2 NADH, 2 H20

Front 33

2 ways of regenerating NAD+ to be used in glycolysis

Back 33

1) mitochondria (aerobic)- Slow and does not help in spring plus it is hard to get NADH into the mitochondria

2) anareobic in cytosol - pyruvate turns into Lactic Acid. this lowers pH and inhibits the F1 ATPase

Front 34

As pH lowers, what happens to glycolysis

Back 34

it slows down, as is shown by the lactic acid cycle

Front 35

inhibitors of PFK-1

Back 35

ATP, Citrate (things that would show that you have enough energy)

Front 36

amplifiers of PFK-1

Back 36

AMP, ADP, fructose 2,6-bisphophate (gluconeogenis)

Front 37

pentose phosphate pathway is important for what?

Back 37

to create NADPH and to produce Ribose 5-phosphate needed for nucleotide biosynthesis

Front 38

Two enzymes in pentose phosphate pathyway that create NADPH

Back 38

1) glucose 6-phosphate DH
2) 6-phosphogluconate DH

Front 39

the oxidized form of glutathione has?

Back 39

the Sulfer groups are bound together

-S---S-

Front 40

The reduced form of glutathione has

Back 40

the Sulfer groups unattached and each with its own hydrogen

-SH HS-

Front 41

H202 gets converted to safe H20 via?

Back 41

glutathione peroxidase and its remnants needs NADPH to comeback to the form it can be used to do it again

Front 42

non-oxidative steps of pentose phosphate pathway

Back 42

series of steps in order to regenerate glucose-6-phosphate from ribose-5-phosphate. Just a bunch of Carbon switches

Front 43

ocular abnormalities, ataxia, global confusion, alcohol abuse

Back 43

wernike encephalopathy

Front 44

fatigue, irratability, sleep problems, ab pain, anorexia

Back 44

beri beri

Front 45

neural symptoms in infancy, ataxia, seizure

Back 45

Pyruvate DH complex deficiency

tests by elevated blood lactate and normal pyruvate/lactate ratio (both go up

Front 46

this is used for citric acid cycle from glycoysis

Back 46

pyruvate DH

converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA and CO2

Front 47

source of Acetyl-CoA energy

Back 47

reactive thiol group and high acyl group transfer potential

Front 48

coenzyme A has this vitamin in it

Back 48

pantothenic Acid

Front 49

5 coenzymes of Pyruvate DH

Back 49

thiamine pyrophosphate, FAD, Coa-SH, NAD+, Lipoic Acid(electron and acyl carrier)

IRREVERSIBLE

Converts Pyruvate - Acetyl CoA

Front 50

3 enzymes of PDH complex

Back 50

1) pyruvate DH
2) Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
3) Dihydrolipoyl reducatse

Front 51

Pyruvate DH

Back 51

first step of PDH complex. Attached TPP to pyruvate. Then transfers this acetyl group to lipoic acid

Front 52

Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase

Back 52

2nd step of PDH Complex. transfers the acetyl group to CoA-SH forming Acetyl-CoA

Front 53

Dihydrolipoyl reductase

Back 53

remakes the lipoic acid and making NADH in order to be used again

Front 54

turns on PDC and its activators

Back 54

means that you want MORE energy...pyruvate DH Phosphatase...uses H20

activators: Mg, Ca, Insulin

Front 55

turns off PDC

Back 55

you want LESS energy, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase uses ATP

Front 56

Inhibitors of pyruvate DH KINASE

Back 56

this is what turns off PDC...inhibitors of this (net is to turn ON PDC)

Pyruvate, ADP, Ca, Mg, K

Front 57

Activators of pyruvate DH Kinase

Back 57

this is what turns off PDC...inhibitors of this (net is to keep PDC OFF)

Acetyl Coa, NADH

Front 58

is there any increase of CA intermediates when you add acetyl CoA to the CA?

Back 58

no

Front 59

Amino acid equivalent of oxaloacetate

Back 59

Aspartate

Front 60

Amino Acid equivalent of a-ketogluterate

Back 60

Glutamate

Front 61

first step of CA

Back 61

citrate synthase

converts Oxaloacetate and Acety CoA ----> citrate

Front 62

citrate goes to

Back 62

isocitrate via ACONITASE (has a cis intermediate)
and is reversible

Front 63

isocitrate goes to

Back 63

a-ketogluterate via isocitrate DH, and this causes a RELEASE of NADH

Front 64

what does a-ketogluterate go to

Back 64

goes to succinyl CoA via the a-ketogluterate DH complex which is similar to PDH complex. uses an CoA-SH and releases NADH and CO2

Front 65

Succinyl CoA goes to

Back 65

Succinate. via Succinyl-CoA synthetase. releases GTP and CoA-SH

Front 66

Succinate goes to?

Back 66

Fumarate via Succinate DH. this creates FADH2 and is used for the complex 2 of the ETC

Front 67

Fumarate goes to?

Back 67

malate via FUMARASE. this is reversible and uses aspartate as a nitrogen donor

Front 68

from malate?

Back 68

goes to OAA via Malate DH. This generates an NADH. It has a high delta G but occurs because OAA levels are soooo low

Front 69

inhibitors and activators of first step of CA cycle

Back 69

inhibitors - NADH, succinyl Coa, citrate, ATP

activators - ADP

Front 70

inhibitors and activators of 3rd step of CA cycle

Back 70

isocitrate to a-keto

inhibitors - ATP

Activators - Ca, ADP

Front 71

inhibitors and activators of fourth step of CA cycle

Back 71

from a-keto to succinyl-CoA

inhibitors - succinyl-CoA, NADH

activators - Ca

Front 72

what are the two ways to recreate NAD+ used to make NADH in glycolysis

Back 72

malate aspartate shuttle, and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

Front 73

how do you creat NAD+ using the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle?

Back 73

you convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate into G3P thereby releaseing NAD+. then you use G3P and FAD to creat the dihydroxyacetone again

Front 74

in order to be taken up in cells, what must TGs be hydrolyzed to and where?

Back 74

to fatty acids and glycerol in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 75

what is packaged into VLDL

Back 75

FA from chylomicrons or FA in the liver

Front 76

this hydrolyzes TGs to release the glycerol and FA

Back 76

hormone-sensitive lipase

Front 77

these regulate access to the lipids in adipocytes

Back 77

perilipins

Front 78

this induces the perilipins and needs the hormone-sensitive lipases to allow relase of FA in order to travel in blood via albumin

Back 78

PKA from cAMP

Front 79

how else can the kidney and liver make glycerol 3 phosphate?

Back 79

can be formed by glyucerol and glycerol kinase

Front 80

,pst pf the glycerol 3 phosphate comes from?

Back 80

dihydroxyacetone

Front 81

what 3 enzymes are needed to turn the dihydroxyacetone phosphate into a TG

Back 81

1) Gly-3-phos DH (spits out NAD+) leads to Gly-3-p

2) acyl transferase makes it into phosphatidic acid

3) phosphatidic acid phosphatase and acyl transferase again make it a TG. or it can go and be a glycerolphospholid with a head group attachment

Front 82

once the FA is in the adipose tissue, what is the first step of how does it get into the mitochondria?

Back 82

1) it uses pyrophosphate and fatty acyl coA synthetase to be converted to fatty-acyl-Coa

Front 83

what is teh second step fo FA getting into the mitochondria

Back 83

it goes through carnitine acyltransferase 1 to get into intermembrane space, and then carnitine acyltransferase 2 to get into the mitochondria

Front 84

what inhibits carnitine acyl transferase 1 thereby preventing fatty acid synthesis and degradation from occuring at the same time?

Back 84

malonyl-CoA

Front 85

first step in beta oxidation (FA breakdown)

Back 85

pamitoyl-CoA gets turned into enoyl-CoA using a similar structure to succinate DH and it is called ACYL-CoA DH and makes FADH2

Front 86

what does acyl CoA resemble?

Back 86

it creats the FAD and goes straight to cytochrome Q thereby bypassing complex 1 making 6 protons instead of 4

Front 87

in what step does water get added to the enoyl-CoA in B-oxidation

Back 87

2nd step, using an enoyl-CoA hydratase to make L-B-hydroxyacyl-CoA

Front 88

what does the L-B-hydroxyacyl-CoA get turned into

Back 88

using B-hydroxyacyl-CoA DH and emitting NADH, it creats B-ketoacyl-Coa

Front 89

last step of B-oxidation

Back 89

B-ketoacyl-Coa gets made into 2 acetyl-CoA via acyl-CoA acetyltransferase (THIOLASE)

Front 90

how do you do B-oxidation on a monounsaturated(double bond)

Back 90

you need to move the double bond to make it trans via enoyl-CoA isomerase

Front 91

what is the problem with an odd number FA

Back 91

the last step produces 1 Acetyl coA and 1 propionyl CoA insteeaed of just 2 Acetyl-CoA

Front 92

what do you do with a propionyl CoA

Back 92

u turn it into an even number by using propionyl-CoA carboxylase and bicarb, ATP, and BIOTIN to creat D-methylmalonyl CoA

Front 93

D-methylmalonyl CoA turns into L-methylmalonyl-CoA which then can turn into?

Back 93

turns into succinyl CoA (used in CA cycle) via COENZYME B12!! and the use of methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase

Front 94

amount of ATP generated by palmitoyl-CoA

Back 94

108

Front 95

what happens when you have EXCESS acetyl Coa?

Back 95

it gets converted into Ketone bodies

Front 96

first step of ketone acid synthesis

Back 96

2 acetyl CoA come together via thiolase and make acetoacyl-CoA

Front 97

2nd step in ketone acid synthesis

Back 97

HMG coA synthase makes HMG-CoA with the use of acetoacylCoA and another Acetyl Coa

Front 98

3rd step of ketone acid synthesis, to make acetoacetate

Back 98

use HMG-CoA lyase to spit off one of the acetyl CoA from HMG-CoA to make acetoacetate

Front 99

two products of acetoacetate and their importance

Back 99

1) acetone via decarboxylase (bad)
2) d-B-hydroxybuterate which is ketone bodies and forms from D-B-HB DH and uses NADH

Front 100

ketone bodies can not be used by what as fuel?

Back 100

liver

Front 101

ketone bodies cannot be used in the liver because it is missing this enzyme to break them down into their acetyl CoA derivatives1

Back 101

B-ketoacyl-CoA transferase which converts acetoacetate into acetoacetyl-CoA while converting succinyl CoA into Succinate

Front 102

____ and ___ combine to make
____ which combines with Acetyl CoA and makes _____ which leaves the mitochondria and reverse happens to get acetyl-CoA into cytosol so it can be used to make FA. what do u need to run all of this?

Back 102

1) pyruvate & Malate

2) OAA

3) Citrate

need NADPH to run the entire thing

Front 103

commited step of FA synthesis

Back 103

acetyl-CoA carboxylase which combines acetyl coA and biotin in order to make malonyl CoA

Front 104

malonyl CoA is attached to what to start FA synthesis?

Back 104

acyl carrier protein domain of fatty acid synthase at the serine residue near the panthothenic acid

Front 105

what happens first to malonyl CoA on the FA synthase

Back 105

condensation and decarboxylation to add 2 carbon units

Front 106

what happens 2nd to malonyl coA?

Back 106

the B-keto product is reduced with the USE OF NADPH

Front 107

what happens last to malonyl coA in FA synthase?

Back 107

the acyl chain translocates to the cystein residue and the next malonyl coA can start all over again.