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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 parts of scientific method?
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1. observation
2. identify patterns and regularities 3.hypothesis and theory 4. prediction and testing |
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biodiversity
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the number of different species that coexist in an area.
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independent variable
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what the experimenter varies
(amount and types of nutrients) |
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dependent variable
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what changes as a result of independent variable variations
(biodiversity + biomass) |
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pseudoscience
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fails the test that defines the sciences: cannot be reproducibly tested. Falls outside the domain of science, into the domains of belief or Dogma.
e.g.: creationism, extrasensory perception, UFO's, astrology. |
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organization of science (Branches)
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-Physics
-Chemistry -Astronomy -Geology -Biology |
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Basic Research
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-knowledge for it's own sake
-Primary goal- not for societal impact. -payoff years later |
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Applied Research
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Specific-practical goal- direct benefit to society, wish to develop technology
- more of a quick payoff |
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Technology
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-Applied research on a greater scale
-Research and Development Projects |
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Funding for Science
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-Federal Government Agencies --> 2002 budget $100 billion
-NSF -NIH -Dept. of Energy -EPA -NASA -Dept. of Defense Businesses -Pfizer, Merck, DuPont, GE... |
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Mendeleev
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-founder of Periodic Table
-realized: 1. elements w/ similar chemical properties appeared at regular (periodic) intervals. 2. could arrange elements in table format 3. Revealed gaps where undiscovered elements must lie |
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William Harvey
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Blood Circulation experiment
steps of experiment: 1. dissect animals: traced out veins and arteries 2. studied live animals, sometimes as they died. 3. arm experiment |
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Funding Process
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1.Grant Proposal
2.Grant Committee 3.Decisions |
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Scientific Communication
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-informal chats
-scientific meetings, conferences -specialized journals ***Peer review process-Strict*** |
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Mechanics
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motions of material objects
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Galileo
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-invented first thermometer, pendulum clock
-supported sun-centered model of the universe -heresy trial- Catholic Church imprisoned him bc some of his ideas violated church doctrine |
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Speed
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-scalar quantity
-distance an object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance. |
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Velocity
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-vector quantity
-same as speed but with a direction |
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Acceleration
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rate of change of velocity
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uniform motion
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motion at a constant speed in a single direction. No Acceleration!
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Issac Newton
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revealed the universality of gravity
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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
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-if objects are massive, force is large
-if objects are far apart, force is less. |
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G
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-the gravitational constant
-Cavendish (English man) -G appears to hold true everyday in the universe! |
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Weight and Gravity
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-There is a force btw. any two objects in the universe
-Weight depends on where you are: moon vs. space... mass stays the same everywhere. |
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g
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Earth's gravitational acceleration
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Smart Businesses
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DuPont
BP GE |
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Efficiency
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doing more with less
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Curtailment
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doing with less
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Brownian Motion
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-moves particles all over the room!
-move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. |
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Heat
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form of energy that moves from a warmer object to a cooler object.
- measured in calories: amount of heat required to raise temp. of 1 gram of H20 by 1 celcius degree. |
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Temperature
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-Relative Term, how vigorously atoms in a substance are moving and colliding
-if objects are at the same temp., no heat flows spontaneously from one to the other. -the larger the temp. difference, the more rapidly heat is transferred |
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Temperature Scales
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F = 32-212
C = 0-100 K = 273-373 |
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Galilean Thermometer
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-changes in liquid density
-balls inside device float when outside liquid is cool, and drop when water is warm. |
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Specific Heat Capacity
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-Measure of the ability of a material to absorb heat... or.. the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that material by one degree celcius.
-Water - Large heat capacity -Aluminum foil- Small heat capacity |
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Heat Transfer
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Process by which heat moves from one place to another...
1. conduction 2. convection 3. radiation |
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Conduction
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movement by heat by atomic-scale collisions
e.g. wood vs. metal |
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Convection
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heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another
- pot on hot stove drawing from notes (hot H20 rises, cool H20 sinks, heat escapes to air) |
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Thermodynamics
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1. Conservation of Energy
2. a.)heat flow: hot-->cold b.)engines cannot be 100% efficient. c.)Entropy 3. cannot reach absolute zero. |
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Newton's Laws
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1. Inertia
2. F=MA 3. For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction. |
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Entropy
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-a measure of disorder
-the entropy of an isolated system remains constant or increases -maximize entropy when all atoms are in the same low energy state. |
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Ludwig Boltzmann
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numerical value (of Entropy) is related to the number of ways a system can be rearranged.
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Consequences of 2nd Law
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-The Arrow of Time
-Limitations of the Universe |
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Aging
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directionality of nature, inevitable
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Waves
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-traveling disturbances; carry energy w/o requiring matter to travel.
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wavelength
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distance between crests
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frequency
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# of crests that go by a given point every second
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Amplitude
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height of crest above undisturbed position
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wave types
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-transverse motion- perpendicular to the direction of the wave. e.g. water wave
-longitudinal motion- parallel to direction of the wave. e.g. sound wave... slinky |
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sound waves
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-speed of sound in air
-amplitude=loudness (higher amplitude, louder sound) -frequency: high frequency= high pitch, low freq.= low pitch. |
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Electromagnetic Radiation
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-Electromagnetic Waves made up of electrical and magnetic fields that fluctuate together.
-all EM waves have same velocity..."C" (the speed of light) |
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The Doppler Effect
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The frequency of a wave appears to change if there is relative motion between the wave source and the oberver. e.g.. ambulance siren.
ambulance coming toward you: high freq., high pitch ambulance past you and is moving further away: lower freq., lower pitch |
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Doppler Effect... light waves
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light coming toward you - Blueshifted
light moving away - Redshifted. |
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Interaction of Electromagnetic waves w/ matter
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1. Transmission
2. Absorption 3. Scattering |