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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PEP=Survival
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Practice + Experience + Preparation = ?
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Weapons to combat fear (panic, anxiety, shame, depair)
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- fear
- knowledge & experience - concentration - confidence in SAR - will to live |
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Enemies of Survial
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-pain
-cold -heat- -thirst -hunger -fatigue -bordedom & loneliness -insects -predatory animals |
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One way to deal with mental problems of survival - STOP
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Stop
Think Observe Plan |
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First symptoms of hypothermia
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-shivering
-lower mental functions -stiff and clumsy fingers |
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Symptoms of more severe hypothermia
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-'umbles' stumbles, mumbles, fumbles, grumbles
-apathy -slurred speech -confusion -shivering stops -incoherence, disorientation, irrationality |
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4 ways of losing heat from our bodies
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-conduction
-radiation -convection -evaporation |
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Conduction
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loss of body heat through body contact with colder objects
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Wet clothes conducts heat __ times more than dry
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25
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Radiation
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loss of body heat as the body emits inrared ratiation from exposed area of skin
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Convection
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loss of body heat as air currents replace the warm air next to our body with colder air. The body then heats that colder air thus losing heat
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Evaporation
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loss of body heat through perspiration or respiration
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Hyperthermia prevention
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-light, loose clothing
-shade the head and back of neck - less active -rest during hottest part of the day -liquids |
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Function of underwear layer
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control moisture next to the skin
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Best type of clothing material
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polyester, polypropylene
Thin and close contact |
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Function of Insulation layer
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offer insulation, absorb and tranfer moisture from underwear layer
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Survival Pattern (definition)
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Order in which the necessities of life are acquired
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Survival Pattern Order
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1. First Aid
2. Fire 3. Shelter 4. Signals 5. Water 6. Food |
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Uses for Fire
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warmth
drying cooking signalling melting snow keep animals away |
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The basic elements needed to light a fire
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1. spark
2. tinder 3. Fuel 4. oxygen |
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Suitable material for tinder
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-cotton fuzz
-paper fuzz - absorbent cotton -dead, dry grass -fine dry bark -granulated pitch -commercial fire starters or candles -sections of used bicycle inner tubes |
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A good shelter site
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-good supply of firewood
-water nearby -building materials -open area - or one nearby - level |
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Bad shelter site
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-swampy or tidal area
- uder dead trees or large dead branches -falling rocks, landslides, avalanche |
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Winter shelter - quickest, best protection, least energy
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-snow trench
-tree pit |
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common international distress signal
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Three of a kind - 3 fires, 3 smoke, 3 whistles, 3 shots
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Ground to air signals
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- 7-10m high
- high contract color to ground - should run NE-SW or NW-SE -most important V and X |
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Ground to Air Signal coldes
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V=require assistance
X= require medical aid N=No Y=Yes Arrow=proceed in this direction LL=All is well F=require food & water L=require fuel & oil W=require repairs |
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Survival times
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3 minutes without air
3 days without water 3 weeks without food |
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Amount of water needed
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1/2 L daily
moderate task = 1 L strenuous task = 2 L |
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Main methods of water disinfection
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Heat
Halogens (iodine and chlorine) filtration |
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Boiling water time
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2 min
over 2000 m - boil 3 min |
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Problems iwth Iodine
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-dissolves slowly in cold water
- disagreeable taste -too much can cause thyroid problems -doesnt protect against Cryptosporidium -brief shelf life |
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Factors in determining safe ice
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-how it was formed
-thickness -quality -what's under it |
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Radio equipment types
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Base stations - at fixed locations
Mobile tranceivers - fitted into vehicles Portable transceivers - handheld |
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Tranceiver
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2-way radio. Emits a signal and receives it.
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Lowest radio frequency
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14 kHz (kilohertz)
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Highest radio frequency
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3 Ghz
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VHF
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Very high frequency - 136-174 Mhz
most commonly used by PEP |
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Noise
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interference of radio waves emitted from natural and man-made sources
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Typical output from portable radios
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2-5 watts
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Squelch
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mutes the noise made by radios when there are no incoming transmissions
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Radio communication factors
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Rhythm
Speed Pitch Tone Volume |
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Communication distance of a radio depends on....
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-power of transmitter
-sensitivity of receiver -path between the two -frequency used |
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Repeater
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permanent unmanned installation on mountain - receives on one frequency and re-transmits on another
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Directed Net or Net Control
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Station serving SAR Manager - All transmissions go through this
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Cutting for Sign
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process of looking for sign
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Types of Sign
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-compressed ground
- tracks -moisture knocked off grass, -damaged leaves -dirt transferred on plants |
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Track trap
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an area good for finding sign
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Perimeter cut
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looking for sign in obvious areas, trails, roads, creeks
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2 main tasks for helicopters
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Move SAR crews & equipment.
Evacuate injured subjects |
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Disadvantages of helicopters
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-cost
-physical limitations (capacity) -can't function in bad weather or night -problems communicating with ground teams |
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Distance to stay away from helicopter if not part of work crew
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35 m
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Ideal clearing
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Distance of 50m from end of your landing zone to the first 15m high object in path
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Short Verticals
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any drop steeper than an embankment up to 30 cm higher than the reach of the tallest team member
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Tracking team
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point person & two flankers
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Jump tracking
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moving from one obvious track to another without finding the inbetween
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Stride measurement
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toe of one track to the heel of the next
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Permineter cut
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checking for sign in obvious places, roads, trails, creeks, etc
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Most commonly used stretcher by SAR
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Polyethylene basket stretcher
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Sked stretcher
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plastic 1m x 2m sheet with grommets
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Wire basket stretchers - 2 types
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Stokes
CMC rescue litter |
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Minimum number of 6 stretcher bearers only if....
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-way out is well known
-clear of obstacles -patient is stable -patient is light -less than 1 km |
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Caterpillar Pass
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when passing obstacle, bearers stop walking, stretcher is moved hand over hand.
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Propylene rope
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-light
-floats -won't absorb water |
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Nylon rope
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-strong
-nylon centre, braided sheath -lighter than polyester -loses 10-20% strength when wet |
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10 Rules of rope care
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1. don't step on
2. don't drop rocks on it 3. no rope moving across rope or webbing. 4. protect from abrasion 5. wear gloves 6. inspect after use 7. maintain an rope log 8. wash and dry 9. coil or bag after use 10. store away from UV, heat, corrosives, humidity |
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Dynamic rope
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a lifeline which has elastic properties. for lead climbin on snow, rock or ice. shock absorber
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Static rope
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low stretch, used in SAR. Should be at least 11mm
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Webbing - 2 types
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Tubular
Flat |
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Tubular Webbing
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used for an anchor. Made of nylon, stronger than flat webbing. Distributes the load evenly
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Accessory Cord
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Any narrow diameter rope - no less than 8mm
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Bend
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knot that joins 2 ends
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Bight
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open loop formed when a rope is doubled back on itself
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Hitch
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know tied to an object so that if the object were removed the know would fall apart
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Backup knot
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used to secure the tail of another knot
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All knots should be backed up with a Double Overhand knot except....
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-Ring Bend
-Figure 8 follow through bend -Italian Hitch |
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Dressing the knot
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makikng the knot clean or neat
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Setting the knot
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tightening the knot by pulling on the legs
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Figure 8 on a bight
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Used to form a loop to either clip into a carabiner or slip over an object.
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Figure 8 follow through
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used to tie around an object or into a harness. Must be used with a Double Overhand Backup knot
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Figure 8 follow through bend
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Used to tie two rope end together. Double overhand knots to back it up. Tails at least 6"
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Double Overhand Back-up
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used to ensure that a loaded knot does not untie
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Ring Bend (Water knot, tape knot, overhand bend)
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used to tie two ends of webbing together. Not backup needed, tails must be 4"
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Italian Hitch
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used to belay single person loads, or stretcher teams on low angle slopes
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Hand Lines - how to tie
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Figure 8 follow through clipping one end to simple slung anchor using a Figure 8 on a Bight
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