Grt - Aging Brain And Maturation Changes

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

Refers to mental processes involved in gaining knowledge or learning, thinking, understanding, remembering, judging, and problem solving

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Cognitive skills and abilities

Back 2

Mental functions required to carry out any task (most simplest to most complex)

-the mechanism of how we learn, remember, pay attention, problem solve, etc

-e.g., attention, memory, executive functioning, perception, language, visual and spatial processing, language, perception, etc

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Cognitive abilities such as memory and attention begin to decline as we got older however,.....

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Such declines can be slowed or even reversed if cognitive abilities are exercised appropriately

Front 4

The ability to learn and remember new skills can be maintenence well into a person's ....

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70s, 80s, and beyond

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Attention

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Ability to sustain concentration on particular stimuli, object, action or thought

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Sustained attention

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Ability to remain focused on a tasked or specific stimuli

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Divided attention

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Ability to attend to more than two things simultaneously (multi-tasking)

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Selective attention

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Ability to attend to stimuli/messages that are meaningful or address need or desire, while ignoring other stimuli

Front 9

Goal-directed behaviour requires _________

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Attention control

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As we get older we become more ______

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Distractible

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Older adults exhibit poorer performances than younger adults on task that require the ________

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Inhibition of interference (e.g., on the Stroop Task)

Front 12

Older adults selectively attend to positive stimuli and are more likely to retrieve ________

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Positive (vs negative) memories

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Older adults may be less sensitive to interference in a task, which requires them to make an __________

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Emotional judgement

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Memory

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Involves the storage and recall of information

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Short term memory

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Info stored temporarily for a very short period

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Working memory

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Processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information

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Long term memory

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Info stored and retrievable over a long period of time (days, weeks, months, year)

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Remote memory

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Recall of prior events that occurred in the distant past (years or decades ago)

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Episodic memory

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Captures the "what,where,when" of our daily lives, memory of experiences and specific events

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Semantic memory

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Ability to recall concepts and general facts that are not related to specific experiences

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Procedural memory

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Remembering how to do things

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Memory that improve:

Memory that stays the same:

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Semantic memory continues to improve for many older adults.

Procedural memory typically stays the same, remote memory is okay

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Memory that somewhat declines:

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Aspects of episodic and long term memory decline somewhat over time

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Common conditions may lead to memory problems

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Anxiety, dehydration, depression, infectious, medication side effects, poor nutrition, stress, substances abuse, thyroid imbalance

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Having a senior moment

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Applied to any instance of memory lapse

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Executive functioning

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Ability to enable goal oriented behaviour such as planning and executing to a task

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Decision making

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Ability to make decisions based on incomplete information or problem solving

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Flexibility

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Capacity to efficiently switch to an appropriate mental function and adopt multiple approaches

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Planning

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Ability to organize steps for an activity and anticipate outcomes

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Emotional self-regulation

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Ability to identify and manage ones emotion for sucessful or good performances

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Problem solving

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Ability to define a problem correctly in order to generate solutions and select the right one

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Two problem solving method

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Strategy

Sequencing

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Strategy

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Ability to plan a series of maneuvers for obtaining a specific result

Front 34

Sequencing

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Ability to break down actions onto manageable units and prioritize them in correct order

Front 35

Functional imaging studies suggest ....

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Increased recruitment of brain areas in older adults that may reflect a form of compensation

Front 36

Research indicates ____________ in older versus younger adults when porforming executive functioning tasks

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Altered patterns of brain activity

Front 37

The most common reported age related pattern of brain activity during executive function tasks (e.g., working memory, inhibition, and task switching) is increased recruitment of....

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Lateral aspects of the pretontal cortex bilaterally

Front 38

Changes in brain may include:

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Parts of the brain may shrink (prefrontal cortex); communication between neurons; blood flow; etc

Front 39

Neuroplasticity (brain plasticity)

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Brains capacity to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections and pathways through life

Front 40

Brains ability to change can occur as a result of:

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Learning and experience

Damage to the brain

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Psychosocial factors that impact the aging brain

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Sleep

Diet (caffeine and alcohol intake)

Physical exercise

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Brain diagram

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Front 43

Brain diagram

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Front 44

Left vs right Brian function

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Front 45

Impact that aging has on mental function in healthy older people

Back 45

Modest decline in ability to learn new things and recall info (but remote, semantic, and procedural memory ok)

May improve in other cognitive areas, such as vocabulary and other forms of verbal knowledge

May perform worse on complex tasks of attention, learning, and memory, may present with slower information processing speed

Front 46

Additional brain regions may be activated in older adults during _______

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Cognitive tasks (e.g., memory test)

Front 47

Growing evidence of adaptive (plastic) capabilities of the older brain; and interacting factors such as .....

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Lifestyle, overall health, environment, and genetics also may play a role

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Cognitive reserve

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Brains ability to operate effectively even when some function is disrupted OR amount of damage that brain can sustain before changes in cognition are evident -- may explain why some people remain cognitively health as they get older while others develop cognitive impairment

Front 49

Dementia

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Group of symptoms affecting mental processes, thinking, reasoning, and social ability severely enough interfere with daily functioning; indicates problems with at least two brain functions (e.g., memory loss + impaired judgment or language, and inability to perform some daily activities)

Front 50

Brain with dementia vs brain without

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Front 51

Alzheimer's disease

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The most common cause of dementia; progressive disease where the connections between brain cells and the brain cells themselves degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in destruction of memory and mental function

-progressive disorder that results in cognitive difficulties resulting from neurotic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

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Alzheimer's disease is ____________ part of aging

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Not a normal part

-fewer than 1 in 5 people aged 65+ and less than half those age 85+ have the disease

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To preserve hearty brain aging

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Controlling risk factors for chronic disease

Engaging in regular exercise ad physical activity

Eating a healthy diet and getting enough sleep

Participating in intellectually stimulating activities, and other meaningful activities

Avoid distraction that divert your attention

Maintaining close social ties, relationships, and interactions with family, friends, and community

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Positive aspect of aging

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Accumulation of experience and general knowledge

Better judgement and perspective (outlook)

Developing wisdom

Greater ability to assimilate and organize knowledge

Higher lever of occupational skill

Refined, holistic sense of identity and purpose

Increase in personal freedom

Profound awareness of the life cycle, change, and evolution

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Social relationships

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Recurrent patterns and interactions, which include

Social support and assistance

Companionship for enjoyment

Negative interaction with positive consequences

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Role set

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The entire array of related roles associated with a particular stays, which change over the life span

In old age, roles are often lost but not necessarily replaced with new roles

Experience of and response to role loss (reflected in disengagement activity, and continuity theory)

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Role ambiguity

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Occurs when there are no clearly defined guidelines or expectations regarding the requirements of a given role

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Role discontinuity

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Results from lack of preparation for new roles

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Anticipatory socialization

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Preparing for a new role before assuming it

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Resocialization

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The replacement of former norms and values with new ones