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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nature and Nurture
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The degree to which genetic or heredity influences (nature) and experimental or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are
-Development is shaped by both: nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences |
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Continuity and discontinuity
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Whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity)
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A five year old is smart and friendly and still is when they are 25. What is this an example of?
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Continuity
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A five year old is smart and friendly and isnt when they are 25
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discontinuity
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Universal and context specific
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Whether there is just one path of development (universal) or several paths (context specific)
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Life Cycle
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The same event can have different effects depending on when it happens in a person's life.
EX) pregnancy at 16 vs. pregnancy at 32 |
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Sociocultural
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Includes interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development
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Reliability
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Extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic
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Validity
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Extent to which a measure actually assesses what researches think it does
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Correlation Coefficient
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An expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables.
*Correlations can range from -1.0 to 1.0 * A 0 is recieved when there is no relation between the two variables * A 0-1 is recieved when the variables are positively related *A -1 to 0 is recieved when the variables are negatively related |
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Biopsychosocial Framework:
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A useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development
-emphasizes that each of the forces interact with the others to make up development |
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Brofenbrenner's Theory:
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Best known proponent of the ecological approach: theory based on the idea that human development is inseperable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops.
*He divided the environment into 4 levels: microsystem, mesosytem, exosystem, and macrosystem |
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Microsystem:
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The people and objects in an individuals immediate environment
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Mesosystem
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Provides connections across microsystems, because what happens in one microsystem is likely to influence others
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Exosystem
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Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development
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Macrosystem
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The cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded.
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Chromosomes:
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Threadlike structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material: each egg and sperm cell has 23 chromosomes
*when a sperm penetrates an egg, their chromosomes combine to produce 23 pairs of chromosome |
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Autosome:
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First 22 pairs of chromosomes
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Sex Chromosomes:
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23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the child
* X and Y=boy *X and X=girl |
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Genotype:
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Person's hereditary makeup
-complete set of genes |
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Phenotype:
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Physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between one's genes and the environment
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Homozygous:
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When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same
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Heterozygous
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When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other
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Stages of prenatal development
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*Zygote (weeks 1-2)- Fertilized egg
*Embryo (weeks 3-8)- term given to the zygote once it is completely embedded in the uterine wall *Fetus (9-38 weeks)- begins when the cartilage begins to turn into bone-ends birth |
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Implantation:
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Step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman's blood vessels
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Germ Disc:
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Small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby
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Ectoderm:
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Outer layer of the embryo, which will become the hair, the outer layer of the skin, and the nervous system
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Mesoderm:
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Middle layer of the embryo, which becomes the muscles, bones and ciculatory system
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Endoderm:
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Inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the lungs and the digestive system
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Cephalocaudal
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A principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the head develop first
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Proximodistal
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Principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the center of the body will develop first
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Reflex:
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Unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation. Helps infants get necessary nutrients, protect infants from danger, and serve as the basis for later motor behaviors
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What is the purpose of the Apgar score?
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Provides a quick, approximate assessment of the newborns status by focusing on the body systems needed to sustain life.
*based on 5 vital functions: breathing, heart beat, muscle tone, presence of reflexes such as coughing, and skin tone |
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A total score of 7 or more on the Apgar assessment indicates what?
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A baby who is in good physical condition
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A score of 4-6 on the Apgar assessment indicates what?
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That the newborn needs special attention and care
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A score of 3 or less on the Apgar assessment indicates what?
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Signals a life-threatening situation that requires emergency medical care
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Temperament:
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Consistent style or pattern of behavior
*3 different dimensions: Surgency/extroversion, negative affect, and effortful control |
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Surgency/Extroversion:
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Child is generall happy, active, vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation
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Negative Affect:
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Child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed
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Effortful Control:
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Child can focus attention, is not readily distracted, and can inhibit responses
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What is malnutrition, when is it most damaging, and how many people are malnourished world-wide?
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Malnourished: being small for one's age because of inadequate nutrition. Malnourished children develop more slowly
*Most damaging during infancy due to rapid growth rate *1 in 4 children under 5 are malnourished world-wide |
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Neuron:
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Basic cellular unit of the brain and nervous system that specializes in receiving and transmitting information
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Myelin:
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Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly
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Neuroplasticity:
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Extent to which brain organization is flexible
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What may affect the organization and mapping of the brain?
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Environmental demands
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What does a neuron consist of, and what is each function?
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Dendrites: end of the neuron that receives information
Cell body: center of the neuron that keeps the neuron alive Axon: transmits info. to other neurons Terminal Buttons: releases neurotransmitters |
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Motor Skills/ Locomote:
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Motor Skills: Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs.
Locomote: Ability to move around the world. examples: learning to crawl, to stand, and to walk |
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Fine Motor Skills:
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Motor skills associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects.
Examples) holding a bottle, feeding one self with fingers, or eating with utensils |
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What is Differentiation, as it pertains to motor development?
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Dynamic systems theory emphasizes that learning to walk demands orchestration of many individual skills.....
*Differentiation: distinguishing and mastering individual motions. -infants are capable of stepping, moving the legs alternately, long before they can walk alone. |
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True or false: visual acuity can be measured by determining the thinnest stripes that the infant prefers to view
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True
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Visual Cliff:
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Glass covered platform that appears to have a "shallow" and "deep" side; used to study infants' depth perception
-Young babies can detect a difference between the shallow and the deep sides of the visual cliff but only older ones who can crawl are actually afraid of the deep side |
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Assimilation:
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Taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows.
-Occurs when new experiences are readily incorporated into existing schemas Example: extending the grasping scheme to new objects illustrates assimiation |
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Accommodation:
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Changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge
-Example) A baby will learn that many objects can be grasped easily with one hand-illustrating assimilation-but will also discover that bigger, heavier objects can be grasped with only two hands-illustrating accommodation |
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Disequilibrium:
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When children discover that their current schemes are not adequate because they are spending too much time accommodating and much less time assimilating.
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Piaget's Theory and stages:
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Periods of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor period (0-2 yrs) Preoperational Period (2-7 yrs) Concrete Operational Period (7-11 yrs) Formal Operational Period (11 yrs and up) |
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What is included in Piaget's sensorimotor period?
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-Object Permanence
-Using Symbols |
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What is included in Piaget's preoperational period?
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-Egocentrism
-Animism -Centration...conservation -Appearance is Reality |
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Egocentrism:
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Difficulty in seeing the world from anothers point of veiw
Ex) when asked to select the photograph that shows the mountains as the adult sees them, preschool children often select the photograph that shows how the mountain looks to them |
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Animism:
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Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings
Example) Child believes their teddy bear has feelings as they do |
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Appearance as reality:
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Child assumes that an object really is what it appears to be
Example) a piece of hard rubber looks like food -or: Child believes that a person smiling at another person is really happy even though the other person is really being mean |
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Centration:
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When a child concentrates on one aspect of a problem but totally ignores the other
-narrowly focused thought Example) Conservation, such as the two different cup sizes with the same amount of water...children think the taller skinnier cup has more than the shorter, fatter cup |
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Criticisms of Piaget's theory:
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1) Piaget underestimates cognitive ability in infants and overestimates in adolescents
2) Piaget is vague about mechanisms and processes of change 3) Piaget does not account for variability in children's performance 4) Piagets theory undervalues the influence of sociocultural environment |
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What is the zone of proximal development and who developed it?
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Lev Vygotsky:
Young children can accomplish far more with some adult guidance than they can accomplish alone |
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What is scaffolding and who developed it?
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Lev Vygotsky:
A style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner's needs -studies show that students do not learn as well when told everything to do, nor when left alone to discover on their own |
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What is overregulation?
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Errors- Grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words what are exceptions to the rule
Example) "I goed home" instead of "I went home" |
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List Eriksons first three stages in order and the strength:
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1.Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy) Strength=Hope
2.Autonomy vs. shame and doubt ( 1-3 yrs) Strength=Will 3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-5) Strength=Purpose |
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Explain Eriksons Stage of Trust vs. Mistrust:
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-Infants are dependent on caregivers to meet their needs and provide comfort
-The responsiveness and consistency with which caregivers meet these needs helps to develop a basic sense of trust and openness in the child -If these needs are not met, the child develops wariness and a lack of comfort |
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Explain Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt:
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-Children develop a sense of control over their actions
-If autonomy is not achieved, children are shameful and doubt their own capabilities |
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Explain Eriksons stage of Initiative vs. guilt:
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-Children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
-Play becomes purposeful and includes playing the roles of mother, father, teacher, or athlete -With proper encouragement and balance, initiative and cooperation are developed |
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What is the strange situation experiment?
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Ainsworth introduced children and mothers to a room from which the mother then left. Upon her return, the nature of the childs reaction was studied.
-four types of reactions/attachments were observed |
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What is a secure attachment- that was observed in the strange situation experiment?
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On the mother's return, the child is comforted, crying stops, and the child begins to explore again
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What is an avoidant attachment-that was observed in the strange situation experiment?
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On the mother's return, the child ignores or turns away
(20% of U.S. babies) |
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What is the resistant attachment-that was observed in the strange situation experiment?
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The baby is upset and remains upset when the mother returns and is difficult to console
(15% of U.S. babies) |
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What is a disorganized attachment-that was observed in the strange situation experiment?
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The child seems confused and is unsure of reaction
(5-10 % U.S. babies) |
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What are basic emotions?
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Emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: A subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior
Example) waking up to a thunderstorm and discovering your roomate has left for class with your umbrella. Subjectively-may feel ready to explode with anger Physiologically- heart beats faster Behaviorally- may start scowling |
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Joy, anger, and fear are considered what?
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Basic emotions
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Complex emotions include what?
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Guilt, embarrassment, and pride
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True or false: Young children prefer to play with peers of their own gender
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True
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Girls tend to support girl peers in ________?
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enabling
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Boy tend to contradict, threaten,and compete with boys peers in activity known as ___________?
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Constricting
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By age 2-3, children identify themselves as either:
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boy or girl
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By preschool age, children know that gender is stable but may believe that boys who play with dolls:
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Will become a girl
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Between 4 and 7- children understand gender constancy:
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That gender does not change
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