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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how to assess static measurement of bone mineral density
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radiology
dxa computed tomography |
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biochem markers of bone formation
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alkaline phosphatase
osteocalcin propeptide of type 1 collagen |
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biochem markers of bone resorption
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pyridinium crosslinks and associated peptides
pyridinoline deoxypyridinoline telopeptides containing crosslinks |
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how is bone reabsorption measured?
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measure urinary excretion of bone collagen breakdown products
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what is responsible for strength and rigidity of collagen in bone?
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crosslinking that occurs btwn adjacent collagen molecules
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what is deoxypyridinoline a specific marker of?
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bone resorption
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where is deoxypyridinoline found?
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in bone collagen
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what is deoxypyridinoline a product of?
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collagen maturation. it cannot be reused for new collagen synthesis
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what do biochemical markers measure?
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bone turnover
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what does densitometry measure?
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bone mass
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define wolfs law
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as the function of bone changes, internal structre will change to accomodate new stresses
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what do we select for in animal industry?
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meat or speed, not skeleton
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bone modeling
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most active during long bone growth modifications in shape and size of bone net increase or decrease in amount of bone
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remodeling of bone
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happens throughout life
replaces primary old or damaged bone no net change in amount of bone |
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sows- stalls vs group housed
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sows in stalls had 2/3 femur strength of others
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hens in battery cages vs perchery
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hens in cages had only 50-60% humerus strength
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if strain is different than desired, how does bone adapt?
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increases or decreases enzymatic activity of osteoblasts and clasts
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what do osteocytes do
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key cells that regulate and sense key changes in forces on bone.
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is bone always turning over?
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yes
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what happens to osteocalcin concentrations in someone with low calcium in diet?
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osteocalcin will go up when there is more bone formation occuring. without enough ca or p in diet, calcium pulled from bone to maintain blood calcium lvls. reabsorption and breakdown occurs. youd think bone formation would go down, but osteocalcin goes up instead
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name 2 things that result in bone los
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immobilzation of limbs, and space- no gravity or strain
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prevention of bone injury
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alter training procedure to stimulate remodeling without overloading bone
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why we use exogenous growth regulators for livestock
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improve food production, improve rate of gain and efficiency, increase ratio of lean tissue to fat, reduce return of waste products to environ, make food nutritious and affordable
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requirements for growth compounds
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safe for animal, producers, consumers, environ, lable, handling, use, palatability, infor
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name 2 classes of growth regs
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metabolism modifiers
growth promoters |
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name metabolosm modifier examples
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anabolic steroids, beta adrenergic agonists, somatotropin
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name examples of growth promoters
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alter rate and efficiency of growth only
antibiotics, antiparasitic cmpds, ionophores |
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name some fda approved hormones to promote growth in cattle
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testosterone, estradiol, zeranol, progesterone...
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what are ionophores?
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antimicrobial cmpds that commonly fed to ruminants to improve feed eff. alter microbial ecology of intestine. increase c and n retention
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examples of ionophores
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monensin, narasin, lasalocid
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describe paylean
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beta adrenergic agonist
increases muscle decreases fat imrpoves eficiency, saves feed, reduces waste |
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whats not approved for growth enhancement?
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somatotropin, GH
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LITTLE TO NO MUSCLE LEADS TO
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altered shape of bones
hypomineralization of skel no real anatomical difference mecanical strain in utero forms broader joint surgaces and induces curvature |
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what happens with mice with knockout gene for myostatin?
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no regulation of muscle growth
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