Growth And Development Jkjkhardcore

Front 1

Morphology

Back 1

form or shape of an organism

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The stages of development into an organism

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Fertilized egg> 3 germ (4 sometimes) layers > organ development> organism

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What happens during Cleavage and how is it's mitosis phase different?

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Cleavage is a rapid division of cells
The difference is that it does not grow because during mitosis it skips G1 and G2 and goes through S and M phases

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The first 5 divisions of a fertilized egg produces a....

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morula

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When the morula forms a hollow blastocoel and forms various blastomeres what is the cell called? What accounts for the different regions of undivided cytoplasm?

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Blastula
polarity

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The distribution of mRNA proteins and yolk define

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polarity

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When an amphibian rearranges the egg cytoplasm after fertilization a gray crescent is exposed what does this gray crescent eventually form into?

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the future dorsal surface

Front 8

How does cleavage occur in amphibians?

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First two are verticle making 4 equal size blastomeres, 3rd is horizontal making 8 unequal.

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Which stage of development rearranges the blastula to form a 3 layered embryo with a primitive gut?

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Gastrulation

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What are the 3 germ layers formed during gastrulation?

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ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Front 11

Which is a way to test for chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo?

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chronic villus sampling

Front 12

After implantation, what will develop into the placenta?

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The chorion

Front 13

Embryonic stem cells come from

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the inner mass

Front 14

What chemical would a pregnancy test assay?

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some kinda peptide from the chorion

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Why are stem cells potentially useful in research and medical practice?

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They are pluri-potent

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The word for the early cell divisions after the zygote is formed.

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Cleavage ( Y )

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What is it that becomes the chorion

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The ectoderm

Front 18

Which technique allows screening for genetic and chromosomal abnormalities?

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Amniocentesis

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A ball of cells that will form ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm is called

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The blastula
the gastrula is when it has the 3 layers

Front 20

Any DNA that might be in mitochondria of the zygote comes from

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The mother, the egg
Remember that your mitochondria comes from your mother: Professor Lindner

Front 21

This question is about implantation. [A] What is implanted? [B] Where is it implanted?

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blastocyst in the endometrium

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A MULTIPLE CHOICE OMG
On its way to fertilize a human egg, a sperm cell does not have to pass through which of the following?
(a) oviduct
(b) uterus
(c) corpus luteum
(d) epididymis
(e) cervix

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corpus luteum

Front 23

When (or where) is meiosis complete for the human "egg?"

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Fertilization, egg and sperm fuse

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What is destined to become the placenta?

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The tropoblast

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During this type of animal fertilization, the egg and sperm unite outside the female’s body.

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External fertilization

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This type of embryonic cell will eventually give rise to the liver, pancreas, lining of the gut and lungs and thyroid.

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Endoderm LINING ect. ect.

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nondisjunction

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This term describes when chromosomes do not separate from one another properly during meiosis (the formation of gamets)

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Chromosomes that are the same size, shape, and contain the same genes.

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homozygous chromosomes

Front 29

In order to penetrate an egg and fertilize it successfully, a sperm:
a. will release digestive enzymes when it is trying to fight its way into the egg
b. will place up a fertilization membrane to block rival sperm from fertilizing the egg c. will expand its head to block the entrance of other sperm
d. all of the above are true

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a

Front 30

Fill in the hole:
Gastrulation rearranges the ____ to form a 3 layered embryo with a _____

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blastula
primative gut

Front 31

Gastrulation in the sea urchin

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Begins at vegetal pole
Mesenchyme cells migrate into the blastocoel
Remailing flatten to form the vegetal plate, which invaginates and becomes the archeteron (primitive gut) the blastopore gives rise to the anus and the new opening is the oral pore

Front 32

Frog gastrulation

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gray crescent shifts and where it was located an invagination forms becoming the dorsal lip of the blastopore
The ectoderm cells involute making the endoderm and mesoderm
The lip of blastopore encircles with a yolk plug

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Chick gastrulation

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Cells move over the surface inward
they create a single layer called the blastodic
this separates into hypoblast and epiblast
the embryo forms from the epiblast
some move in and detach and thicken (primitive streak) The epiblasts displace hypoblast and form endoderm
the epiblast move laterally into the blastocoel, and make mesoderm
Remainnig epiblast are ectoderm

Front 34

The 3 embryonic germlayers form what?

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Organs of the animal body

Front 35

Is organogenesis involved in localized changes or mass cell movement?

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localized morphogenic changes in tissue and cell

Front 36

How do Frogs develop the brain and spinal chord

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Dorsal mesoderm make the notochord above the archenteron
This signals the ectoderm to become the neural plate which curves inward and makes the neural tube
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal chord

Front 37

In developing the brain and spinal chord vertebrates may develop a 4th germ layer how does this happen?

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The nerual crest cells migrate through the embryo forming many celltypes of the 4th germ layer

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What other characteristics set mammalian development apart?

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Little eggs with little food, early SLOW cleavage, with equal sized no growth blastomeres, Completion of cleavage has more than 100 cells around a central cavity

Front 39

How does the allantois and the chorion work together?

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They work with exchange of gases and respiratory organs.

Front 40

What helps the embryo dispose of waste?

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Allantois acts as a disposal sac

Front 41

Sometimes a horny mother will have sex, how come the mechanical shock does not kill the embryo

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there is a chorion that cushions the embryo

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What does a yolk sac do?
Do humans have a yolk sac? What does it do?

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It provides nutrients to the embryo
humans do it is for decoration

Front 43

What forms the coelom?

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Lateral to somites, the mesoderm splits into two layers that form the lining of the coelom; coelom from triploblasts
In mammals, the coelom forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

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What do somites form into?

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strips of mesoderm lateral to the notochord, and muscles associated w the axial skeleton

Front 45

what does fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell produce?

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zygote

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Two places information that directs the initiation of development is stored

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mRNA / protein molecules
and the zygote's nucleus

Front 47

What are cytoplasmic determinants

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The mRNA and proteins that store info and direct the first few stages of development

Front 48

In the from 12 cleavage divisions produce an embryo of about 4000 cells
Frog is called xenopus laevus
How much space does this 4000 cell collection occupy?

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The same as the original zygote

Front 49

What are the stages of cleavage ( Y )

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morula
blastula

Front 50

In protostomes the blastopore develops into the _____________
and the anus forms where?

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the oral cavity and the anus forms at the opposite end of the embryonic gut

Front 51

One of the mechanisms of development in which the developmental fate of a cell is set is considered

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Determination

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One of the mechanisms of development in which a group of cells causes or influences another nearby group to follow a pattern of development is considered

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induction

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What follow determination which involves the establishment of a cell specific developmental program in cells?

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differentiation

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When cells make and break specific connections

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selective cell adhesion

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Along with differntiation, determination, induction, selective cell adhesion there are two more mechanisms which accomplish development in animals what are they?

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Mitosis and cell movement

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primary vs secondary mesenchyme cells

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primary form the future mesoderm, the secondary are on top of the invaginated vegetal plate,

Front 57

In amphibians when does gastrulation begin?

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When cells from the animal pole move across the embryo surface and reach the gray crescent. They invaginate and produce a depression. They migrate into the blastopore and involute.

Front 58

In the gastrulation of birds what do the 3 layers form into

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yolk sac ; extensions mesoderm endoderm
chorion ecto derm mesoderm
allntoic membrane mesoderm endoderm

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On either side of the notochord, the mesoderm sparates into blocks of cells called

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somites

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Where does the brain form from?

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Anterior end of the neural tube from a cluster of hollow vesicles

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What do the eyes develop from?

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At the end of the neural tube one paired set of hollow sesicles forms the optic vesicles which form into the eyes.

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When optic vesicles contact overlying ectoderm what does the ectoderm form into?

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they thicken into the lens placode. The center sinks in and fuses with the optic cup forming a ball of cells called the lens vesicle

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How do the elastic crystal clear lens of the eyes develop?

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When the lens cells synthesize crystallin they lose their nuclei

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What gives rise to the cornea?

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the lens contacting overlying ectoderm, which lose their pigment granules becoming clear

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During cell development an process is used to remove tisuses, but not when an organ forms what is this process called?

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apoptosis

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3 major developments during the first trimester

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cleavage
gastrulation
organogenesis

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When does the embryo become a fetus?

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4th week heart beat 8th week major organs are formed and considered a fetus

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Day 4 of the first trimester a 16-32 ball of cells is formed called the

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morula

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What gives rise to the amnion and placenta?

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Extra-embryonic membranes

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How does the allantois and the yolk sac differ in humans?

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The yolk sac > blood vessels in the placenta,
Allantois > small vestigial sac

Front 71

The chorion is a membrane that forms most of the embryonic portion of the placenta how is the chorion formed?

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trophoblast cells

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What stimulates blood vessels of the endometrium to grow into the maternal circulation of the placenta?

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The chorion

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Human embryo at 4 weeks?

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Heart beats 3-5 mm long 250-500 times the size of the zygote, has tail, gill arches

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At i weeks the embryo...

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is a ffetus 2.5cm long

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When the baby is born the uterus continues to contract why is that?

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To expell the placenta as the afterbirth

Front 76

What determines the development of male or female sex organs?

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a gene on the Y chromosome does this
the SRY sex determining region of the Y active in the 7th week.

Front 77

The Mullerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts develop into what with respect to males and females

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Males if Y is present testosterone stimules wolffian ducts > male reproductive tact. Anti-mullerian hormone AMH causes mullerian ducts to degenerate
Females no Y XX: estrogen and progesterone secreted via placenta stimulate the development of ovaries from primative gonads.
The mullerian ducts form oviducts uterus and the vagina wolffian dies off

Front 78

Why are Changes in Adhesive Properties and Interactions
with Extracellular Matrix so important?

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Implantation and gastrulation

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Cell Sorting Based is based on

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Differential cell adhesiveness

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Two types of cell adhesion molecules

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Cell to cell
cell to ecm

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Cell sorting and movements is based on

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– Based on Differential Cell Adhesiveness
– Changes in Cytoskeleton Organization

Front 82

cadherins vs integrins

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cadherins for cell to cell junctions
adherens for ECM to cell junctions

Front 83

Cell shape changes depend on what two structures?

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microtubles and micro filaments

Front 84

Ecto derm cells are held together by what type of cadherins?

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E and N type

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ie of whole cell movements during gastrulation

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neural crest movements

Front 86

Two factors that have a special significance in the development of the shape size and location of the organ systems of the embryo?

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Orientation and rate.

Front 87

Induction depends on what ?

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molecular signals made by inducing cell
newt dorsal lip removed and grafted into a different position the entire formed in a new location

Front 88

what controls cell determination and differentiation
ie skeletal muscle cells from somites in mammels

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genes