Growth And Development Chapter 5 Theories Of Growth And Development

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autonomy

Back 1

independence and sense of self

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cephalocaudal

Back 2

a directional term that refers to growth and development that begins at the head and progresses downward toward the feet.

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compensation

Back 3

a mental mechanism that allows the person to make up for deficiencies in one area by excelling in another.

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conscious

Back 4

a person's internal system of values, similar to the superego.

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conversion

Back 5

a mental mechanism that converts unconscious feelings and anxiety into physical symptoms that have no underlying organic basis for the complaints.

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defense mechanisms

Back 6

also know as mental mechanisms, techniques used at all stages of the life cycle to help individuals cope with the threat of anxiety.

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denial

Back 7

the mental mechanism whereby the individual is unable to recognize the event or emotions surrounding an occurrence. These events are so painful they are pushed out of consciousness.

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development

Back 8

the progressive acquisition of skills and the capacity to function.

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displacement

Back 9

a mental mechanism that transfers emotions associated with a person or object to another, less threatening person or object.

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ego

Back 10

the exectutive of the mind. It relates most closely to reality.

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ego integrity

Back 11

a period of self-satisfaction that occurs during old age.

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Electra complex

Back 12

a young girl's sexual attraction toward her father and unconscious wish to replace her mother.

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generativity

Back 13

Erikson's task for middle-ages adults. It involves individuals' desires to serve the larger community and have positive influences on their children.

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growth

Back 14

an increase in physical size.

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heredity

Back 15

all characteristics that are transmitted through the genes and determined at the time of fertilization.

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id

Back 16

the body's basic, primitive uges.

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identification

Back 17

a mental mechanism in which one takes on the personality traits of another person, usually one held in high esteem.

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libido

Back 18

sex drive

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maturation

Back 19

the unfolding of skills or potential regardless of practice or training.

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Oedipus complex

Back 20

a young boy's sexual attraction for his mother and unconscious wish to replace his father..

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personality

Back 21

the unique behavior patterns that distinguish one person from another.

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projection

Back 22

a mental mechanism referred to as the blaming mechanism; in projection the individual rejects unacceptable thoughts or feelings and attributes them to another person.

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proximodistal

Back 23

a directional term that refers to growth and developmnet that progresses from the center of the body toward the extremities.

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puberty

Back 24

the period following childhood and before adolescence in which the body prepares for the changes necessary for reproduction.

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rationalization

Back 25

a mental mechanism used to justify or excuse undesirable actions or feelings. It is a face-saving technique that may or may not deal with the truth.

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reaction formation

Back 26

a mental mechanism that keeps unacceptable feelings or thoughts out of one's awareness and replaces them with opposite feelings or thoughts.

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schema

Back 27

refers to patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow with a child's experiences. (Piaget theory)

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stagnation

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the lack of generativity, characterized by having feelings of self-absorption and general dissatisfaction with life.

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subconscious

Back 29

One of Freud's level of awareness; a/k/a preconscious, stores memories, thoughts, and feelings. These can be recalled with a little effort and brought into the conscious level.

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sublimation

Back 30

a mental mechanism in which the individual channels or redirects unacceptalble implulses into socially acceptable outlets.

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superego

Back 31

the part of the mind that dictates right from wrong and is similar to the conscience.

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suppression

Back 32

the mental mechanism whereby one consciously puts out of awareness one's distressing feelings.

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unconscious

Back 33

One of Freud's leval of awareness; and it is the level that refers to that part of the mind that is closed to one's awareness. These stored memories are usually painful and are kept in the unconscious to prevent anxiety and stress. Reud believed that behavior could be understood by delving into the forces of the unconscious mind.

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undoing

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a mental mechanism in which the indivdual acts in a manner that symbolically cancels a previous unacceptable thought or action.

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accommodation

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Piaget's third major concept that occurs with new experiences that no longer fit or can be assimilated into exiting schemas. As a result, schemas are changed to merge with the new information. (ex: a child no longer sucks food off a spoon but opening his or her mouth when the spoon approaches.)

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animistic

Back 36

Piaget's preoperational stage (2-6 years old); a child's way of thinking at this stage is animistic, which causes them to believe that objects, tables, the sun, and trees have feelings and motives. (ex: when the child trips near the table he cries, "Bad table."

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assimilation

Back 37

Piaget's second major concept; described as the ability to absorb new information into the existing schemas. The infant broadens the schema of sucking to include sucking on anything within his or her reach, such as a blanket, pacifer, toy, or fingers.