Growth And Development

Front 1

Growth

Back 1

Increase in physical size of a whole or any of its parts, or an increase in number and size of cells.

Growth can be measured.

Front 2

Development

Back 2

A continuous, orderly series of conditions that leads to activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of behaviors.

Front 3

Life History Theory

Back 3

Defines the stages of gestation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and seeks to explain the differences in the timing of development, fertility and death of living organism.

The function of trade-offs is crucial to life history theory: good-cheap-fast

To improve patient health and increase longevity.

Front 4

Factors that Influence growth and development

Back 4

Genetics

Environment

Culture

Nutrition

Family

Child-rearing philosophies

Front 5

Environmental Influences

Back 5

Family Composition

Family position in society

Family socioeconomic status

Knowledge of the Family

Availability of healthy diets

Housing

Front 6

Cultural influences

Back 6

Must be considered when assessing growth and development.

Customs versus work demands from different cultures.

Front 7

Nutritional Influences

Back 7

Begins during the prenatal period.

Low birth weight and preterm can result from poor prenatal nutrition.

Socio-economics may impact growth.

Front 8

Family, Parental Attitudes, Child-rearing Philosphy

Back 8

Critical in growth and development especially emotional growth.

Intellectual growth must be included here as well.

Chronic illness can be combated with a loving environment and close family relationship.

Front 9

Key Stages of Human Life History

Back 9

Gestation

Infancy

Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Old age/ Senscence

Front 10

Gestation

Back 10

Prenatal life:

Fetus as a less "perfect parasite"

Birth weight is most commonly used to measure health status.

Designer Baby: Baby whose genetic make up has been selected in order to eradicate a particular defect, or to ensure that a particular gene is present.

Three parent babies: aimed at preventing inherited mitochondria diseases

Front 11

Infancy

Back 11

Period from birth until first birthday.

Breastfeeding:

- 49% are breast-feeding at six months

- evidence supports the benefits of breast feeding rather than bottle feeding

Front 12

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Back 12

Cognitive development.

Reduces obesity, asthma, allergies, dental cavities, ADHD.

Factors associated:

Wealth

Maternal Age

Cultural attitude

Front 13

Ethical Dilemma on breastfeeding

Back 13

Women who breast feed are eligible for WIC for twice as long as those who do not.

Breastfeeding moms get an "enhanced food package" which includes vouchers for a wider range of more nutritious food.

Front 14

Infancy: Sleeping

Back 14

Infants in the US typically sleep apart from their parents, but cross-cultural research shows that co-sleeping is the rule.

Front 15

Sleeping apart from parents

Back 15

Increases the length of the infant's crying bouts.

Crying bouts result in switching to bottle formula.

Cries may provoke physical abuse.

Increase SIDS.

Early ovulation after childbirth.

Weight gain.

Front 16

Childhood

Back 16

A period of relatively slow growth.

Growth is extremely sensitive to social conditions.

Example: Mayan Guatemalan and Guatemalan children in US: US significantly taller by four inches.

Average height and weight have increased over past two centuries.

Dutch men are the tallest.

Front 17

Childhood: Size

Back 17

Small but healthy: smallness could be an adaptation in resource scarce environment.

Bigger: Increased rate of cell turnover

Front 18

Puberty and Onset of Adolescence

Back 18

The declining age of menarche: Average 12.5 years.

Impacts of early menarche: higher rates of sexual activity and unintended pregnancy.

Soft drink consumption, contributor to childhood obesity, is also associated with early menarche.

Front 19

Taxing Soda: Mexico Social Experiment

Back 19

Tax on soda results: drop in sales of drinks sweetened with sugar, particularly among the country's poorest consumers.

12% decrease in sales

Canada: reduced the size

Front 20

GMO Labeling

Back 20

Why don't we have the right to know what is in the food we are consuming?

Will it make a difference if the consumer knows what is in it? Will they consume differently?

Front 21

Sex Ed Lessons

Back 21

Quality sex education should start in Kindergarten.

Wait to start "the talk"

It is all quite simple and natural: When you child asks you a direct question.

Research suggests that formal instruction be given at age 10.

Front 22

Affirmative Consent

Back 22

The "no means no" mantra of a generation ago is being eclipsed by "yes means yes".

California became first state to require the high school education classes give lessons on affirmative consent

- consent to any sexual act or prior consensual activity between any party

- silence or lack of resistance, in and of itself, does not demonstrate consent

Front 23

Environmental Toxins and Growth

Back 23

Extreme biological disruptions.

Pollutants: air pollution, polychlorinate biphenyls, lead

Clean Air Act: Improved air quality in the metropolitan area

Front 24

Pollution and Life

Back 24

Clean Air Act: U.S. citizens gaining on average two years of life.

Industrialized pollution: Curtailing lives by an average of five years in China and 3 years in India.