Growth And Development 2

Front 1

Why is growth important to study?

Back 1

- growth is limiting setting: can only do certain things once grown enough to accomplish it
-growth is a determinant of experience
-growth and appearance: if appear older get treated differently

Front 2

When does the most rapid growth occur?

Back 2

between birth and 2 years of age

Front 3

when does the next growth spurt start after the age of 2?

Back 3

adolescent years
( girls- enter adolescent growth first 11-12
boys enter later at 13-14 but stay in it longer)

Front 4

How much of the body in prenatal period is composed of the head...percentage wise?

Back 4

half of the body is composed of the head

Front 5

What percentage of the body is composed of the head and the legs in newborns?

Back 5

Head-25%
Legs- 25%

Front 6

What percentage of the body is composed of head and legs of an adult?

Back 6

Head- 8-10%
Legs- 50%

Front 7

What are the causes of motor ability and perception to develop?

Back 7

-growth
-motivation
-context- environments to try out new skills
-experience, practice

Front 8

How do gross motor abilities develop?

Back 8

develop through large muscles of body, useful when children learn to crawl, walk, run, climb stairs, kick a ball, and so on

Front 9

At what age does a child usually learn to crawl on all fours?

Back 9

8-10 months

Front 10

At what age does child learn to walk?f

Back 10

9-12 months

Front 11

At what age does a child learn to run, and climb stairs with help?

Back 11

18 months

Front 12

At what age does a child learn to kick a ball?

Back 12

2 years of age

Front 13

Gross motor skills stimulate the development of what?

Back 13

-wariness of unfamiliar objects
- fine motor skills

Front 14

What are some fine motor skills and the ages they develop?

Back 14

reaching, grabbing and holding objects (6 months)
transferring toys from hand to hand(6-7 months)
pincer grasp thumb and forefinger(9-14 months)
grasp and release objects

Front 15

What developments appear at 2 years of age?

Back 15

-hand dominance- child usually prefers one hand over the other
-ability to work with puzzles
-fisted grasp of pencil
-start to do self cares

Front 16

What is the "normal" for ages of development?

Back 16

There is a RANGE of normal and A LOT of variation.

Front 17

What is the variation in rates of development among children due to?

Back 17

-activity level of the child
-rate of physical maturation
-body type
-type of infant care

Front 18

What are the habituation and dishabituation responses?

Back 18

Based on the idea that if infants consistently perfer to look at one image over another they must be able to distinguish between the two, so children will habituate to it and become familiar, will dishabituate to original and focus on new picture.

Front 19

How do children learn?

Back 19

-through lots of imitation
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning

Front 20

What do children imitate?

Back 20

-facial expressions of their caregivers
this encourages care givers to interact
and stimulates areas of childs development

Front 21

What is classical conditioning?

Back 21

a new stimulus is paired with some stimulus that already evokes a reflexive response

Front 22

What is an example of classical conditioning?

Back 22

if child is always fed while being rocked in a chair the child will have an expectancy that if they are rocking they should be fed basically that the two go together

Front 23

What is operant conditioning?

Back 23

infant determines stimulus recieved
Ex: new born sucking behavior- if you give bottle that is salty they will stop sucking

Front 24

What are some characteristics of Piaget's stage theory of cognition?

Back 24

-universal patterns(regardless of culture)
-invariant order
-hierarchial (each stage builds on previous stage)
-changes are qualitative or discontinuous

Front 25

Why did Piaget refer to children as "little scientists"?

Back 25

children construct knowledge from their active experimentation with objects

Front 26

How do children construct knowledge?

Back 26

through assimilation, accomodation, and equilibration

Front 27

What can toddlers do in the sensorimotor stage of development?

Back 27

toddlers can anticipate and solve simple problems without relying on trial and error

Front 28

What qualitative changes occur to mark the end of the sensorimotor stage of development?

Back 28

-external world becomes internal (mental world)
-problem solving is now "in the head" rather than through actions on the environment

Front 29

What is mental representation?

Back 29

internal image of an object or event that is not present

Front 30

What is object permanence?

Back 30

understanding that object still exists even when they are out of sight

Front 31

What is deferred imitation?

Back 31

the ability to remember and imitate actions or behaviors when they are not present
Ex: child sees another child throw a tantrum and get a candy bar, so he tries it later

Front 32

What is the benefit of make believe play?

Back 32

allows child to elicit control over a situation that may not be able to control yet

Front 33

When does the shift occur where child can elicit make believe play?

Back 33

around the age of 2 but that is an estimate and not a definite number

Front 34

Why is development of language a useful topic to study?

Back 34

-language=window to the human mind
-example of how innate abilities and environment interact to produce development
-linked to social and cognitive development

Front 35

What are some interesting observations regarding language development?

Back 35

-children are intrinsically motivated to learn language
-often viewed as indicator of intelligence
-"windows" for language development

Front 36

What are the three theories on language development?

Back 36

-Nativist approach (Noam Chomsky)
-Socialist Approach
-Behaviorist approach (B. F Skinner)

Front 37

What is the Behaviorist Approach on language development?

Back 37

-children are rewarded and reinforced for making speech-like sounds
-language is aquired through operant conditioning and imitation

Front 38

What is the Nativist Approach of language development?

Back 38

-Noam Chomsky
- children are biologically wired to aquire language
-language aquisition device

Front 39

What is language aquisition device?

Back 39

innate structuring of the brain that accounts for gramatically correct expressions

Front 40

What is a criticism of the Nativist approach?

Back 40

that children sometimes combine words incorrectly

Front 41

What is the social interactions approach?

Back 41

-children have innate ability to acquire language
-children also need to observe and participate with others to produce language
-both children and environment shape language development

Front 42

What is the sequence of language development?

Back 42

-follows a universal pattern
first crying, then cooing, and then babbling

Front 43

Crying

Back 43

-birth to 1 month of age
-powerful form of communication
-improves lung capacity and cardiovascular development

Front 44

Cooing

Back 44

-between 1 and 2 months of age
- vowel sounds
-associated with pleasure

Front 45

Babbling

Back 45

- 6 or 7 months of age
-consonants added to vowel sounds (ex: ba, da , na)
-intonation develops

Front 46

When does a child say his first words?

Back 46

usually around 1 year of age

Front 47

When does a child say two word sentences?

Back 47

these dont occur until usually around 21 months of age

Front 48

What are the factors influencing language development?

Back 48

-genetic explanation
-environmental influences
-gender differences

Front 49

What is genetic explanation?

Back 49

genes may determine how powerful the language acquisition device is

Front 50

What are environmental influences?

Back 50

when the home environment is a "language rich" environment, children acquire language more rapidly

Front 51

How can we created a "language rich" environment?

Back 51

-talk to children frequently
-ask questions and listen for answers
-use simple, understandable language
-speak parentese- a child directed speech

Front 52

What is "parentese"?

Back 52

-short sentences with exaggerrated expression
-simple referents for more difficult words
-change pitch when talking to young child

Front 53

What are some common errors made by children when learning language and speaking?

Back 53

-over-extension
-under-extension

Front 54

What is over-extension?

Back 54

words applied too broadly

Front 55

what is under-extension?

Back 55

words applied too narrowly

Front 56

What are some Basic emotions?

Back 56

Joy, interest, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, distress

Front 57

What are complex emotions?

Back 57

combination of two or more basic emotions
-involve injury or sense of enhancement of ones sense of self
-occur during second year of life
-dependent upon social evaluation

Front 58

What are some complex emotions?

Back 58

-embarrassment, empathy shame, pride, guilt

Front 59

What is social referrencing?

Back 59

process by which children refer to emotional reactions of a trusted adult figure out how to respond to an unfamiliar situation

Front 60

What are some Hallmarks of social referencing?

Back 60

-social smiles(appear at 6 weeks)
-stranger wariness(appears at about 6 months and not experienced by all infants)
-stranger anxiety (appears at 8 or 9 months peaks at 14 months then starts to diminish)

Front 61

What is emotional self regulation?

Back 61

process by which children adjust emotional states to a comfortable or manageable level

Front 62

Characteristics of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Back 62

-lifespan approach
-stage theory
-each stage involves a "crisis" that requires resolution
-if crisis resolved in favorable way-a basic strength or virtue emerges

Front 63

Trust vs Mistrust

Back 63

-occurs between birth and 1 year
-quality of care is most important factor
-responsive attention
-senstitivity
-basic strength=sense of hope

Front 64

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Back 64

-Ages 1-3
-occurs along with physical growth of body and language development
-parental firmness is key to children gaining healthy sense of autonomy
-basic strength=sense of will (free choice and self restraint)

Front 65

What does too much autonomy cause in a child?

Back 65

shameless willfullness

Front 66

What does too little autonomy cause in a child?

Back 66

compulsive overcompliance(no self expression)

Front 67

What are some characteristics of attachment relationships?

Back 67

-relationship between child and caregiver only a select few individuals
-form in second half of first year (7-8 months) in environment
-have long term implications for the rest of development

Front 68

How do children respond to temporary separation?

Back 68

respond with protest

Front 69

How do children respond to an emotionally unavailable adult?

Back 69

respond with feeling of despair

Front 70

How do children respond to the loss (Death) of caregiver?

Back 70

become detached

Front 71

Quality of attachment relationships

Back 71

-secure attachments
-avoidant attachments
-resistant attachments
-disorganized attachments

Front 72

What are the characteristics of a secure attachment?

Back 72

-child uses attachment figure as a safe haven when distressed
-child feels free to explore the environment
-represent majority of children 60-75%

Front 73

What are some characteristics of Avoidant attachments?

Back 73

-child is not distressed when attachment figure is gone
-child might turn away or avoid attachment figure upon return
-represents 20% of attachments

Front 74

What are some indicators of secure attachments?

Back 74

-maintain or seek contact with attachment figure
-consistent and responsive to child
-value relationships
-emotionally available to child

Front 75

What are some indicators of avoidant attachments?

Back 75

-discomfort with close physical contact
-relationships are less valued
-emotional needs of self and child are less valued

Front 76

Characteristics of resistant attachments

Back 76

-child reacts with protest and anger towards attachment figure when distressed
-child not calmed by presence of attachment figure
-represents 10-15% of attachments

Front 77

What are some indicators of a resistant attachment?

Back 77

-child very distressed and angry
parent gives inconsistent care

Front 78

What are characteristics of disorganized attachments?

Back 78

recent contributions of Mary Ainsworth
child has not developed a cohesive strategy for coping with stress or relating to attachment figure
-represents less than 10% of children in general pop.
-as much as 85% in maltreated pop.

Front 79

What are the indicators of a disorganized attachment?

Back 79

-child(clinging, freezing fear reactions in response to caregiver
-disorganized attachment children stay close to caregiver
-parent severe maltreatment of child
-psychopathology cant relate well with other people

Front 80

What was the assessment used in the video to determine different types of attachment?

Back 80

-assesed through strange situation procedure
-used for children 12-18 months
-look at childs behavior during reunions with caregivers
-make inferences about quality of relationships at home

Front 81

What is attachment dependent upon?

Back 81

-sensitivity and parents ability to read accurrately and respond appropriately to childs needs

Front 82

What does child do when totally overwhelmed by emotions?

Back 82

learn emotional regulation

Front 83

What is a Doula?

Back 83

-a woman who provides physical, emotional support to a laboring mother
-they do not perform clinical tasks
-care is continuous

Front 84

What are some benefits of Doula support?

Back 84

-increased maternal satisfaction
-increased interaction between mother and child
-increase in breast feeding
-increased overall satisfaction

Front 85

What was the Doula's study looking at?

Back 85

-qualitative study with intensive interviews
-chose 13 of interviews with doulas that showed emotional support, and chose 10 mothers to interview that had continuous doula care
-doula becomes a secure base for mother during pregnancy

Front 86

What are the 5 properties of a Doula as a secure base function?

Back 86

1. Available-when mother calls doula comes
2. doula needs to percieve mothers emotional needs accurately
3. mother is able to trust doula
4.viewed as strong and capable both emotionally and physically
5.perceived by mother as having resources that the mother doesnt have

Front 87

What are the three levels of approval for child care centers?

Back 87

1. licensing
2. certification
3. Accreditation

Front 88

What is Licensing?

Back 88

-not a measure of quality care
-ensures minimum standards of health and safety
-license issued by state agency
-requirements vary from state to state

Front 89

What is a Certification?

Back 89

-issued by a county agency
-a credential or "seal of approval"
-indicates program is meeting standards
-not a guarantee of quality care

Front 90

What is an Accreditation?

Back 90

-based on goals and criteria that promote childrens development
-standards set by national child care organizations
-some cities grant accreditation

Front 91

What is the wisconsin child care research partnership?

what should you look for before deciding on a place to put child in?

Back 91

-caregiver training and education
-low child to staff ration
-consistency in staffing
-higher wages to caregivers
-accreditation and or certification

Front 92

How does secure attachment help child with cognitive development?

Back 92

-exploratory play is more complex
-curiosity
-problem solving skills
-pretend play is more complex
-better school performance

Front 93

How do secure attachments influence social development in the preschool years?

Back 93

-empathy
-successful peer relations
-less aggression
-social competance

Front 94

How do secure attachments influence social development in school aged children?

Back 94

-self esteem
- more close friends
-independence (age-appropriate)
-more positive attributions

Front 95

How does secure attachment affect a childs "sense of self"?

Back 95

-self recognition, knowledge of ones self
-self worth or value

Front 96

What influences attachment relationships?

Back 96

-marital relationships
-cultural values and beliefs
-child care provided by others

Front 97

Brain development

Back 97

-develops faster than any other body part
-by age 5=90% adult weight
-by age 7= 100% adult weight
-myelination nearly complete by age 4-5

Front 98

What areas of the brain improve during early childhood development?

Back 98

-cerebellum(balance and movement)
-reticular formation (focus, sustained attention
-corpus collosum (coordination of R and L hemispheres