Growth And Development

Front 1

prenatal period:

Back 1

begins at conception and continues until birth

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science of fetal growth and development:

Back 2

embryology

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after _____ days of cell division, the ______ has developed into a solid cell mass called a _______

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three, zygote, morula

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continued cell division of the ____ produces a _____ ball of cells called a ______

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morula, hollow, blastocyst

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the _______ implants in the ______ wall about 10 days after fertilization

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blastocyst, uterine

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the _____ forms the _____ cavity and ______ of the ______

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blastocyst, amniotic, chorion, placenta

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yolk sac:

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where fetal blood is produced

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endoderm:

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internal

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birth defect:

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any structural or functional abnormality present at birth

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birth defects may be caused by genetic factors:

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abnormal genes, abnormal number of chromosomes

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birth defects may be caused by environmental factors:

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especially harmful during the first trimester

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environmental factors :

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are called teratogens

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postnatal period:

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begins at birth and lasts until death

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life, growth, and development

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are continuous

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obvious changes in the physical appearance:

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occur between birth and maturity

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neonatal period:

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first four weeks

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cardiovascular and respiratory changes:

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occur at birth

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fetus:

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is totally dependent on mother

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newborn:

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must immediately become totally self-supporting

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childhood:

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extends from end of infancy to puberty

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overall rate of growth in childhood:

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remains rapid but decelerates

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childhood:

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continuing development of motor and coordination skills

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childhood:

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loss of deciduous or baby teeth and eruption of permanent teeth

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adolescence:

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varies from 13 to 19 years old

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adolescence:

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period of rapid growth results in sexual maturity (adolescence)

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adolescence:

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appearance of secondary sex characteristics regulated by secretion of sex hormones

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adolescence:

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growth spurt typical of adolescence; begins in girls at age 10 and boys at age 12

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adulthood:

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bones' growth plates are fully closed in adults

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adulthood:

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other structures such as the sinuses acquire adult placement

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adulthood:

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is characterized by maintenance of existing body tissues

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older adulthood:

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every organ system of the body undergoes degenerative changes

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effects of aging: skeletal system

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aging causes changes in the texture, calcification, and shape of bones

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skeletal system

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bone spurs develop around joints

Front 34

skeletal system:

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bones become porous and fracture easily

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integumentary system (skin)

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with age, skin sags and becomes thin, dry, and wrinkled

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urinary system (aging)

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nephron units decrease in number by 50% between ages 30 and 75

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urinary system (aging)

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blood flow to kidney and ability to form urine decrease

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respiratory system (aging)

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calcification of costal cartilages makes it difficult for rib cage to expand and contract normally

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respiratory system (aging)

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wasting of respiratory muscles decreases respiratory efficiency

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respiratory system (aging)

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respiratory membrane thickens; movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood is slowed

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cardiovascular system (aging)

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degenerative heart and blood vessel disease is among the most common and serious effects of aging

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cardiovascular system (aging)

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hardening of arteries (arteriosclerosis) may result in rupture of blood vessels

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cardiovascular system (aging)

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hypertension or high blood pressure is common in older adulthood

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special senses:

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eye lenses become hard and cannot accommodate for near vision

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special senses:

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decreased transmission of sound waves caused by loss of elasticity of eardrum and fixing of the bony ear ossicles is common

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special senses:

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some degree of hearing impairment is universally present in the aged

Front 47

high blood pressure:

Back 47

can cause kidney failure