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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erikson's: birth - 1 year
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Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Dominates the first year Freud’s oral stage-taking in through all senses |
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Erikson's 1 - 3 years
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Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1 to 3 years)
Increasing control of bodies, themselves, and the environment Imitation is big Freud’s anal stage-sphincter control |
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Erikson's 3 - 6 years
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Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
Enterprise, imagination, conscience Freud’s phallic stage |
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Infant reflexes: Rooting
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When infant's cheek is stroked, the infant turns to that side, searching with the mouth
Birth to 3 months |
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Infant reflexes: Moro
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Must be symmetrical, asymmetry could indicate cerebral palsy
With sudden extension of the head, the arms abduct and move upward and the hands form a "C" Birth to 4 months |
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Infant reflexes: Palmer grasp
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Infant reflexively grasps palm when touched
Birth to 4-6 months |
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Infant reflexes: Plantar grasp
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Infant reflexively grasps with bottom of foot when pressure is applied to plantar surface
Birth to 9 months |
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Infant reflexes: Stepping
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With one foot on flat surface, the infant puts the other foot down as if to "step"
Birth to 4-8 weeks |
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Infant reflexes: Tonic neck
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While lying supine, extremities are extended on the side of the body to which the head is turned and opposite extremities are flexed (also called the "fencing: position)
Birth to 4 months |
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Fontanels
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Anterior closes 12-18 months of age but may close as early as 9 months
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Infant Neurological Exam
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Sucking and Rooting Reflexes
Moro Reflex Palmer and Plantar Reflexes Stepping Reflex Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex Physical Growth of Infants |
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First 6 months of growth
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First 6 months
5-7 ounces/week weight gain Doubles birth weight by 6 months, triples by 1 year 2.5 cm/month length increase 50% increase in length by 1 year .5 cm/month head circumference increase 0.5 cm/month during second 6 months |
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Review of Milestones
Birth to One Year |
1 month-smiles, lifts and turns head to side, hands clenched
2 months-coos, raises head and chest 3 months-holds open hand in front of face, has head control 4 months-rolls prone to supine, bats objects 5 months-hands to mid-line, grasps rattle, sits with support 6 months-releases object to take another object, tripod sits 7 months-transfers objects hand to hand, sits with support of hands 8 months-’rakes’, gross pincer grasp, sits alone 9 months-bangs toys together, crawls 10 months-fine pincer, puts objects in, takes them out of, a cup, pulls to stand 11 months-releases object to another person, cruises 12 months-uses spoon to eat, points, walks |
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Infant psychosocial development
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Trust vs. mistrust (Erikson)
Infants ‘trust’ that their needs will be met Crucial is the quality of parent-child relationship Delayed gratification needs to be learned Until 3-4 months, food is all he cares about Control is accomplished by crying Later, control is achieved by grasping and biting |
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Infant cognitive development
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Reflexive behavior moves to purposeful acts
Separation Self from others-4-8 months Fear strangers starting at 6-8 months Object permanence-9-10 months Recognition of symbols Play-Solitary Ricci and Kyle, Page 788,Table 25.6 Appropriate toys for newborns and infants |
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Age appropriate toys: Newborn to 1 month
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Mobile with contrasting colors or patterns
Unbreakable mirror Soft music via tape or music box Soft, brightly colored toys |
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Age appropriate toys: 1 to 4 months
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Bright mobile
Unbreakable mirror Rattles Singing by parent or caregiver, varied music High-contrast patterns in books or images |
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Age appropriate toys: 4 to 7 months
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Fabric or board books
Different types of music Easy-to-hold toys that do things or make noises (fancy rattles) Floating, squirting bath toys Soft dolls or animals |
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Age appropriate toys: 8 to 12 months
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Plastic cups, bowls, buckets
Unbreakable mirror Large building blocks Stacking toys Busy boxes (with buttons or knobs that make things happen) Balls Dolls Board books with large pictures Toy telephone Push-pull toys (older infants) |
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Infant language development
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Crying is first verbal communication
Vocalizations become words 2 months, coos, 3-4 months, gurgles By 8 months, imitates sounds Older infants point due to lack of words 3-5 words with meaning by age 1 year |
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Infant Vitamin D supplementation
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400 IU Vitamin D starting at birth for all infants
If drinking < 32 oz Vitamin D-fortified formula Or those predominantly breastfed |
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Infant Iron Supplementation
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If exclusively breastfed, start liquid iron at 4-6 months
OR add Iron-fortified cereals at 4-6 months, rice Infants fed formula get enough iron from it |
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Infant bottle weaning
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Wean bottle or breast to a cup as early as six months and no later than 1 year
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Introduction of solid foods
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4-6 months, 1 food at a time to watch for allergies
At intervals of 4-7 days By one year can be on all table food 4-8 teeth by end of first year ‘Bottle mouth caries’ Nighttime bottles, juice Fluoride supplementation starting at 6 months, teeth brushing |
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Pacifiers, thumb sucking
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Try to stop after a year
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Bedtime Routine
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At age 4 months infants should sooth themselves back to sleep and no more night feeding are necessary
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Suffocation-SIDS
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#1 cause of death
‘Back to sleep’ campaign |
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Motor Vehicle Injuries
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#1 cause of injuries, backwards seat belt until 1 year and 20 lbs
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12 months-36 months
Organ System Maturation |
Neurological
Respiratory – more ear infections Gastrointestinal – less frequent stools, sphincter control Genitourinary – adult function by 24 months Musculoskeletal |
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Toddler
Growth and Development |
Weight gain slows to 4-6 lbs/year
Birth weight should quadruple by 30 months Height increases about 3” per year Anterior fontanel closes by 18 months Tyrannical, strong-willed, volatile behaviors Interspersed with need for comfort Negative, ritualistic, frustrated by limits, temper tantrums Does NOT share-play is parallel |
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Toddler temper tantrums
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Result from frustration
Time out for toddlers Place in un-stimulating, but visible, area Specific area designated One minute per age Restart time if he comes out of ‘time out’ |
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Toddler psychosocial development
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erikson)
Comfortable being dependent, wants independence, too Dependence creates doubt at their ability to control their own actions and feel shame that they want control. Separation anxiety still an issue Intense exploration with switch to parallel play Believes inanimate objects are real and attributes life like qualities to them |
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Toddler cognitive and moral development
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Have developed memory of events that relate to them
No understanding of other viewpoints-Egocentric Can symbolize objects and people to imitate them Uses old learning + new skills to apply the combined knowledge to new situations Good/bad orientation--begins to understand Good behavior is rewarded Bad behavior is punished |
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Milestones of Toddlers
12-months to 36-months Gross Motor Skills |
12-months
Walk alone 24-months Kicks ball, stands on tiptoes, walks one step at a time up or down stairs 36-months Runs well, climb stairs alternating feet, pedals tricycle |
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Milestones of Toddlers
12-months to 36-months Fine Motor Skills |
12 months
Feeds self with fingers 18-months Throws ball, keeps balance, , turns hard paged books pages 24-months Builds towers with 6-7 blocks, round pegs into holes 36-months Draw circles, undresses self |
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Toddlers Language Development
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Moves from pointing to words
Increasing comprehension > expressed By two-years Increasing word vocabulary, at least 50-100 Uses words that describe things 2-3 word ‘sentences’ |
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Health Promotion-Toddlerhood
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Discipline, Child Abuse
Nutrition Very picky, offer variety, small amounts 24-32 oz milk/day, skim after 24 months Eating habits established by 3-years will stick Sleep-12 hours/day, one nap or none Scheduled periodic screenings with immunizations Regular dental exams by 12-18 months, fluoride All 20 primary teeth in by 30 months |
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Assessing Readiness
for Toilet Training |
Voluntary sphincter control
Able to stay dry for 2 hrs Fine motor skills to remove clothing Willingness to please parents Curiosity about adults' or siblings’ toilet habits Impatient with wet or soiled diapers |
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Completion of Toilet Training
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Daytime urine and bowel control
Usually achieved by 3-4 years of age Nighttime wetting May take much longer Most girls and 75 % of boys are dry by 5 years of age Increased risk if one or both parents wet the bed Every year, 15% those who do, stop, wetting the bed 1% of adults will continue to have enuresis Alarms, medication |
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Growth and Development
of the Preschool Child |
Average weight gain 5 lbs per year
Average height increases 2½” to 3” per year Vocabulary and complexity of language increases dramatically between ages 2 and 5 years Increased attention span and memory Play is predominantly associative Imitative, imaginative and dramatic |
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Milestones for Toddlers
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Walking, running, climbing, jumping well established
Refined eye-hand and muscle coordination Dresses self, ties shoes by 5-years Wants to please but often challenges values Has internalized values and standards of family and culture |
