Gross Anatomy Test 2

Front 1

sternocleidomastoid

Back 1

0:sternum and clavical
I: mastoid process
I: spinal acessory nerve (CN XI)
A: alone- flex & rotate head to opposite side. together- flex head and neck.

Front 2

torticollis

Back 2

(wryneck) flexion deformity of neck usually due to fibrosis and shortening of the SCM .
congenital torticollis: complication of vaginal delivery

Front 3

this fascia contains the platysma muscle

Back 3

superficial fascia

Front 4

attaches to spinous processes of cervical vertabrae and ligamentum nuchae. encloses trapezius & forms roof of posterior triangle.

Back 4

superficial cervical investing fascia

Front 5

invests the viscera of the neck such as pharynx, trachea and esophagus. attaches to thyroid cartilage and below to the sternum

Back 5

pretracheal fascia

Front 6

the space within the pretracheal fascia is known as ____

Back 6

visceral compartment

Front 7

originates from cervial spines. envelopes the deep muscles of posterior neck and the scale muscles.

Back 7

prevertebral fascia

Front 8

anterior layer of prevertebral fascia is known as:

Back 8

alar fascia

Front 9

space btw alar fascia and that covering the vertebrae is known as ____ _____ . why?

Back 9

danger space. (base of skull to diaphragm) it is a route for spread of infection.

Front 10

carotid sheath contains what 3 things

Back 10

common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve

Front 11

boundaries of anterior cervical triangle

Back 11

SCM, border of mandible, midline of chin to suprasternal nothc. divided into 4 smaller triangles.

Front 12

boundaries of posterior cervical triangle

Back 12

trapezius, SCM, middle 1/3 of clavicle. inferior belly of omohyoid seperates it into supraclavicular and occipital triangles.

Front 13

scalene muscles

Back 13

O: transverse process of C2-C7
I: ant & midd: 1st rib
post: 2nd rib
I: VPR
A: raise 1st and 2nd ribs

Front 14

what two structures pass between anterior and middle scalene muscles?

Back 14

trunks and roots of brachial plexus, and subclavian artery.

Front 15

thoracic outlet syndrome

Back 15

compression of brachial plexus between ant and midd scalene muscles

Front 16

nerve that supplies skin behind ear

Back 16

lesser occipital (C2)

Front 17

nerve that may course with external jugular to supply external ear and skin in front of ear

Back 17

great auricular (C2,3)

Front 18

nerve that crosses over SCM dividing into upper and lower branches supplying most of the skin of anterior neck

Back 18

transverse cervical (C2,3)

Front 19

medial branch to skin over lower SCM, intermediate branch to skin over lower part of posterior triangle and thorax, lateral branch to skin over tip of shoulder.

Back 19

supraclavicular nerves (C3,4)

Front 20

innervates anterior triangle muscles

Back 20

ansa cervicalis (C1,2,3)

Front 21

innervates diaphragm

Back 21

phrenic nerve

Front 22

this triangle is deep to semispinalis capitis muscle.

Back 22

suboccippital triangle

Front 23

borders of suboccipital triangle

Contents!:

Back 23

rectus capitus major/minor; obliquus capitus inferior, obliquus capitis superior

contents:vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve

Front 24

boundaries of submandibular triangle

Back 24

body of mandible, anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle

contents: submandibular gland, CN XII, facial artery & vein

Front 25

carotid triangle boundaries

Back 25

upper anterior edge of SCM, posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid.

contents: common carotid & branches, internal jugular vein

Front 26

submental triangle boundaries

Back 26

unpaired, midline of neck, hyoid, anterior belly of both digastric muscles

contents: sublingual gland, anterior jugular veins

Front 27

boundaries of muscular cervical triangle

Back 27

midline of neck, anterior edge of superior belly of omohyoid

Front 28

what are the "strap muscles" and what is their purpose

Back 28

sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
purpose: lower the larynx and hyoid bone, fix hyoid for stable movment of tongue.
innervation: ansa cervicalis

Front 29

infrahyoid muscular group is innervated by branches of ___---__ & suprahyoid muscular group is innervated by ___ ____

Back 29

1. cervical plexussss
2.Cranial nerves

Front 30

borders of suboccipital triangle

Back 30

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus captitis superior and inferior.

contents: vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve

Front 31

what triangle contains the submandibular gland, CN XII, facial artery and vein?

Back 31

submandibular triangle

Front 32

what triangle contains common carotid artery, internal jular vein, CN X, XI, XII?

Back 32

carotid

Front 33

what triangle contains sublingual gland and anterior juglar vein

Back 33

submental

Front 34

what triangle contains strap muscles, ansa cervicalis, and thyroid gland?

Back 34

muscular triangle

Front 35

what are the 4 strap muscles and what do they do

Back 35

sternohyoid omohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid.
lower the larynx and hyoid bone. fix hyoid for stable movement of tongue.

Front 36

infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles) are innervated by?

Back 36

ansa cervicalis, a branch of the cervical plexus

Front 37

suprahyoid muscles are innervated by?

Back 37

cranial nerves

Front 38

what are the three suprahyoid muscles?

Back 38

digastric stylohyoid mylohyoid

Front 39

anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid are innervated by what cranial nerve?

Back 39

CNVII facial

Front 40

posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid are innervated by what cranial nerve?

Back 40

CNV trigeminal

Front 41

carotid sheath contains?

Back 41

internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve

Front 42

this lies within the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. it monitors O2/CO2 levels in blood.

Back 42

carotid body

Front 43

unilateral paralysis of all or some of the facial muscles.
what is the condition and what nerve is affected

Back 43

bells palsy.
facial nerve CN VII

Front 44

trigeminal neuralgia

Back 44

sensory disorder of the sensory root of CN V. sudden attacks of sharp facial pain that last for 15 + min. most often involves V3 and least often involves V1.

Front 45

lesion of trigeminal nerve wil cause

Back 45

anesthesia to anterior half of scalp, face, cornea and conjunctiva, mucous membranes, and muscles of mastification

Front 46

where do you test sensory function of CN V

Back 46

skin of forehead V1
skin of cheeck V2
skin of chin V3

Front 47

what structures pass thru the parotid gland

Back 47

facial nerve CN VII
retromandibular vein
external carotid artery

Front 48

when doin a parotidectomy (removal of parotid gland) doctors should be careful not to cut what?

Back 48

CN VII which runs thru the parotid gland

Front 49

the scalp is composed of what 5 layers?

Back 49

skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

Front 50

the scalp proper consists of what?

Back 50

first three layers of the scalp: skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis.

Front 51

what is the danger area of the scalp?

Back 51

layer four. --loose connective tissue. pus and blood can easily spread in this layer.

Front 52

infection can pass into cranial cavity with ___ ___, that pass thru the skull into the meninges

Back 52

emissary veins

Front 53

why do deep scalp wounds require stitches?

Back 53

bc the epicranial aponeurosis is cut and the occipital and frontal bellies of occipitofrontalis are pulling in different directions.

Front 54

what supplies kin of back of head and around the ear?

Back 54

cervical spinal nerves 2 and 3. C2-3

Front 55

the vagus nerve exits the skull thru the ___ foramen.

Back 55

jugular

Front 56

the vagus nerve splits into internal and external ___ ____ nerves

Back 56

internal/external superior laryngeal nerves

Front 57

the cricothyroid muscle is innervated by:

Back 57

external superior laryngeal nerve

Front 58

the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid may continue upward as the ______ duct to reach the tongue.

Back 58

thyroglossal duct

Front 59

the thyroid gland is attached to the cricoid and tracheal rings by suspensory ligament, what nerves can be injured during a thyroidectomy?

Back 59

recurrent laryngeal nerves

Front 60

true or false. C2 & C3 supply the skin of the back of the head and around the ear.

Back 60

true

Front 61

the temporal pulse is taken on the ___ ___ artery anterior to the auricle as it crosses over the zygomatic arch to supply the scalp.

Back 61

superficial temporal artery

Front 62

bones of skull are not fully developed and have membranous gaps btw bones called

Back 62

fontanelles

Front 63

palpation of the fontanelles in children allows evaluation of normal dev. signs such as

Back 63

hydration, intracranial pressure, bone growth

Front 64

premature closer of cranial sutures

Back 64

craniosynostosis

Front 65

an epidural hematoma is due to what?

Back 65

fracture of the pterion severing the middle meningeal artery

Front 66

veins that pass thru the 3 layers of skull and connect dural venous sinuses with veins outside skull are called

Back 66

emissary veins

Front 67

the anterior and middle cranial fossa are seperated by what bone

Back 67

sphenoidal ridge/crest

Front 68

the optic canal transmits what 2 things

Back 68

optic nerve and opthalamic artery

Front 69

middle and posterior cranial fossa are seperated by what bone

Back 69

petrous part of temporal bone

Front 70

the internal acoustic meatus contains what 2 things

Back 70

CN VII, VIII

Front 71

small circular sheet of dura that ocvers the hypohyseal fossa in the sella turcica. the infundibulum of the pitutiary gland penetrates this septum

Back 71

diaphragma sellae

Front 72

a subdural hemorrage (bleeding btw the arachnoid and dura) is caused by a blow to the head, rupturing what?

Back 72

superior cerebral veins

Front 73

the internal acoustic meatus contains what 2 things

Back 73

CN VII, VIII

Front 74

the straight sinus is formed by the

Back 74

great cerebral vein

Front 75

small circular sheet of dura that ocvers the hypohyseal fossa in the sella turcica. the infundibulum of the pitutiary gland penetrates this septum

Back 75

diaphragma sellae

Front 76

infections from the forehead, eyes, noes, and lips may spread to the _____ sinus vc the facial and angular veins are connected by way of the opthalmic veins that supply blood here

Back 76

cavernous sinus

Front 77

a subdural hemorrage (bleeding btw the arachnoid and dura) is caused by a blow to the head, rupturing what?

Back 77

superior cerebral veins

Front 78

the straight sinus is formed by the

Back 78

great cerebral vein

Front 79

space in meminges that contains CSF and blood vessels. may contain a hemorrhage from a rupture in an artery of the circle of willis

Back 79

subarachnoid space

Front 80

infections from the forehead, eyes, noes, and lips may spread to the _____ sinus vc the facial and angular veins are connected by way of the opthalmic veins that supply blood here

Back 80

cavernous sinus

Front 81

lobe of brain involved in motor skils, learning, judgement, memory, speech production, and emotions

Back 81

frontal

Front 82

space in meminges that contains CSF and blood vessels. may contain a hemorrhage from a rupture in an artery of the circle of willis

Back 82

subarachnoid space

Front 83

lobe of brain involved in sensory perception, speech activity, higher-level mental activity, sensory/motor information

Back 83

parietal

Front 84

lobe of brain involved with sound and spoken language, perception of hearing

Back 84

temporal

Front 85

lobe of brain involved in motor skils, learning, judgement, memory, speech production, and emotions

Back 85

frontal

Front 86

lobe of brain involved in vision

Back 86

occipital

Front 87

lobe of brain involved in sensory perception, speech activity, higher-level mental activity, sensory/motor information

Back 87

parietal

Front 88

lobe of brain involved with sound and spoken language, perception of hearing

Back 88

temporal

Front 89

lobe of brain involved in vision

Back 89

occipital

Front 90

dilation of the superior cerebellar and posteriior cerebral arteries can compress and impair the function of what CN?

Back 90

CN III

Front 91

___ occurs when blood collects btw skull and periosteal layer of dura.

Back 91

epidural hemorrhage

Front 92

anytime the blood supply to a portion of the brain is

Back 92

CVA stroke

Front 93

when a vessel within the parenchyma of the brain ruptures it is known as a _____ stroke. this prevents blood from goin to its normal location & results in decreased perfusion for some portion of the brain

Back 93

hemorrhagic stroke

Front 94

the blood supply to a portion of the brain becomes blocked preventing blood from reaching its destination is a ____ stroke.

Back 94

ischemic stroke

Front 95

a blood clot forming at the location is known as ___
a blood clot forming at a distant location traveling to the brain is ____

Back 95

thrombotic
embolic

Front 96

what cranial nerve is often affected earliest by intracranial pressure?

Back 96

CN VI- abducens

Front 97

Sx of this result in ptosis, an abducted-depressed-dilated pupil, no light reflex and no accomodation of lens. damage to what nerve

Back 97

oculomotor nerve palsy
CN III

Front 98

CN that runs the longest intracranial course

Back 98

CN VI- trochlear

Front 99

provides motor innervation to muscles of mastification

Back 99

CN V- trigeminal

Front 100

damage to the abducent nreve (CN VI) would cause the eye to do what

Back 100

become adducted "crossed"

Front 101

the only cranial nerve to not exit the cranium

Back 101

CN VIII vestibulococchlear

Front 102

the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) supplies sensory and motor. it supplies motor to only one muscle, which is the

Back 102

stylopharyngeus muscle

Front 103

the gag reflex test asseses 2 Cranial nerves.
sensory:
motor:

Back 103

sensory: CN IX
Motor: CN X

Front 104

the vagus nerve has a special sensory component supplying taste to what part of the tongue

Back 104

root

Front 105

the spinal accessory nerve innervates what 2 muscles?

Back 105

trapezius and SCM

Front 106

muscle responsible for elevating eyelid

Back 106

levator palpabrae superioris

Front 107

junction btw cornea and sclera, import for surgery

Back 107

limbus

Front 108

when the cliiary muyscle contracts the tension on the suspensory ligaments of the lens lessens, causing lens to become more rounded for ___

Back 108

accomodation ( to focus on near objects)

Front 109

the area of most acute vision is known as the

Back 109

fovea

Front 110

if occulded, it can lead to blindness. it runs thru the optic nerve

Back 110

central artery of the retina

Front 111

indirect injury that displaces the orbital walls is called a ___ fx (middle & inferior walls are the thinnest of the orbit)

Back 111

"blowout"

Front 112

a condition in which the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus. by age 45 the lens becomes harder and more flattened making it harder for lens to become rounder to accomodate for close up objects. this condition is known as

Back 112

presbyopia

Front 113

cloudiness of lens

Back 113

cataracts

Front 114

increased pressure in the eye due to decreased outflow of aqueous humor bc the canal of schlemm/trabecular meshwork is bloccked. this condition is

Back 114

glaucoma

Front 115

what artery goes to infratemporal fossa

Back 115

maxillary artery

Front 116

pharynx ends at what vertebral level

Back 116

C6

Front 117

palatine tonsils are found in the a. nasopharynx or b. oropharynx

Back 117

b

Front 118

when giving a tonsillectomy, surgeons must be careful not to severe the

Back 118

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Front 119

if a sharp object is lodged in the piriform fossa and it pieces the mucosa it could injure the 2 nerves deep to it . which are

Back 119

internal layngeal and recurrent laryngeal

Front 120

gap btw superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor allows passage of what muscle and what nerve

Back 120

stylopharyngeus m.
glossopharyngeal n.

Front 121

nostrils are called

Back 121

nares

Front 122

the paranasal sinus that is most likely to be infected due to its superior location of opening

Back 122

maxillary sinus. it can have associated tooth pain from pressure on superior alveolar nerve

Front 123

cavities between concha that drain paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct

Back 123

nasal meatus

Front 124

the sphenopalatine artery and ehtmoid arteries joint to form ______ area. this is where epistaxis takes place (nose bleed)

Back 124

kiesselbach's area

Front 125

adults have how many teeth?
kids get first tooth when? & how many do they have?

Back 125

adults: 32
kids: 20 (no molars)
first tooth: 6 months. last tooth 2 yrs

Front 126

what muscle wraps around the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate?

Back 126

tensor veli palatine

Front 127

depression posterior to tongue where objects may get caught

Back 127

epiglottic vallecula

Front 128

all muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve except for palatoglossus wich is innervated by

Back 128

vagus nerve

Front 129

this artery passes deep to hyoglossus muscle to supply the tongue

Back 129

lingual artery

Front 130

radiographic technique to check gland ducts for blockage

Back 130

sialography