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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint? |
plane synovial joint
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what is the strongest joint in the body?
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sacroiliac joint
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what joint is in the line of weight transmission from spine to hip bone to femur?
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sacroiliac joint
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which part of the pelvic bone is involved in weight transmission from spine to hip bone to femur?
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dorsal part
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what is the function of the ventral part of the pelvic bone?
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prevents ilia from being forced apart
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how are the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint arranged?
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allow small amount of movement
resist major displacement of the sacrum |
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where are the DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS SACROILIAC LIGAMENTS?
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from posterior sacrum
to posterior ilium |
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where are the ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) SACROILIAC LIGAMENTS?
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from anterior sacrum
to anterior ilium |
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where does the sacrospinous ligament run?
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from ischial spine
to side of sacrum |
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what structure does the sacrospinous ligament create? from what?
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greater sciatic foramen
from greater sciatic notch |
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where does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
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from ischial tuberosity
to side of sacrum |
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what structure does the sacrotuberous ligament create? from what?
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lesser sciatic foramen
from lesser sciatic notch |
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where does the iliolumbar ligament run?
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from transverse process of L5
to posterior part of iliac crest |
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where does the obturator internus run?
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from medial wall of pelvis
to greater trochanter of femur |
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what covers the obturator internus?
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obturator fascia
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what action does the obturator internus cause?
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lateral rotation of the thigh
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what innervates the obturator internus?
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nerve to obturator internus
L5, S1, S2 |
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what muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
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levator ani
coccygeus |
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what is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?
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to separate pelvis from ischiorectal fossa (perineal region)
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what structures pass through the pelvic diaphragm?
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urethra
vagina rectum |
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what structures pass around the pelvic diaphragm?
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pudendal nerve
pudendal vessels |
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what is the muscular floor of the pelvis which supports the viscera?
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levator ani
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where is the levator ani located?
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from the back of the pubis, lateral to the symphysis
from the spine of the ischium sweeps inferiorly, medially, and posteriorly |
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in a male, where do the most anterior fibers, of the levator ani, from the back of the pubis run?
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posteriorly and inferiorly
just below the prostate gland inserted into perineal body |
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in a female, where do the most anterior fibers, of the levator ani, from the back of the pubis run?
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surround the vagina
form sphincter vaginae |
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where do intermediate fibers of the levator ani run?
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around recto-anal junction
blends with fibers of anal sphincter |
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what forms the puborectalis (recto-anal sling)?
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intermediate fibers of the levator ani muscle
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what forms the anococcygeal raphe?
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posterior (not the most posterior) fibers of the levator ani muscle
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to form the anococcygeal raphe, fibers from the levator ani muscle must meet what structure?
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opposite fibers of the levator ani muscle
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where do the most posterior fibers of the levator ani muscle insert?
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coccyx
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what structures are formed by the levator ani muscle?
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sphincter vaginae
puborectalis (recto-anal sling) anococcygeal raphe |
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what innervates the levator ani?
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nerve to levator ani (S4)
inferior rectal nerve |
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where is the coccygeus muscle located?
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deep to sacrospinous ligament
similar attachments to levator ani (back of pubis, lateral to symphysis, and from spine of ischium, sweeping inferiorly, medially, and posteriorly) |
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what innervates the coccygeus?
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S4
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what is the path of the piriformis?
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from 3 middle pieces of sacrum
through greater sciatic foramen to greater trochanter of femur |
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what travels through the greater sciatic foramen with the piriformis?
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sciatic nerve
superior gluteal artery & vein inferior gluteal artery & vein superior gluteal nerve inferior gluteal nerve |
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what three pelvic muscles are wrapped in a single fascia?
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levator ani
coccygeus piriformis |
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which spinal nerves are involved in the sacral plexus?
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L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
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fibers from which spinal nerves compose the lumbosacral trunk?
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lower 1/2 of L4
all of L5 |
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what spinal nerve does the lumbosacral trunk join with?
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S1
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when does the lumbosacral trunk join with S1?
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after crossing the brim of the pelvis
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what are the two parts of the sciatic nerve?
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common peroneal
tibial |
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what spinal nerves does the common peroneal part of the sciatic nerve originate from?
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L4, L5, S1, S2
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what spinal nerves does the tibial part of the sciatic nerve originate from?
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L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
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what spinal nerves does the superior gluteal nerve originate from?
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L4, L5, S1
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what spinal nerves does the inferior gluteal nerve originate from?
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L5, S1, S2
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what spinal nerves does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh originate from?
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S1, S2, S3
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what spinal nerves does the pudendal nerve originate from?
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S2, S3, S4
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what spinal nerves do the nerves to levator ani, coccygeus and anal sphincter originate from?
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S4
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what spinal nerves does the nerve to quadratus femoris (and inferior gemellus) originate from?
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L4, L5, S1
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what spinal nerves does the nerve to obturator internus (and superior gemellus) originate from?
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L5, S1, S2
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what spinal nerves does the nerve to piriformis originate from?
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S1, S2
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what composes the pelvic viscera in a male?
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bladder
prostate male genital organs rectum |
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what composes the pelvic viscera in a female?
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bladder
uterus female genital organs rectum |
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is the pelvic viscera peritoneal or extraperitoneal?
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covered by peritoneum in upper aspects
extraperitoneal inferiorly |
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how does the parietal peritoneum cover the bladder in the male?
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covers superior portion when bladder is empty
peritoneum stripped away from anterior abdominal wall when bladder is full |
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how does the bladder move in the male when it is full?
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rises above the pubic symphysis
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where does the parietal peritoneum pass laterally in a male?
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passes to the side walls of the pelvis
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where does the parietal peritoneum go posteriorly in a male?
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dips inferiorly over back of bladder and upper parts of seminal vesicles and then reflected onto rectum
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what does the parietal peritoneum form when reflected onto the rectum of a male?
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rectovesical pouch
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in a female, what is formed when the parietal peritoneum dips inferiorly to the junction between the uterin body and the cervix?
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uterovesical pouch
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what is the pelvic fascia which separates the parietal peritoneum from the vagina?
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parametrium
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in a female, what is formed by the reflection of the parietal peritoneum, posterior to the uterus, onto the rectum?
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recto-uterine pouch
pouch of Douglas |
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where does the parietal peritoneum travel laterally in a female?
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drapes over the uterine tubes and ovaries
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what does the parietal peritoneum form as it travels laterally?
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broad ligament of the uterus
suspensory ligament of the ovary |
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where is the bladder found?
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between 2 levator ani muscles
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what is the smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder?
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detrusor muscle
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how many layers are there in the detrusor muscle?
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3
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what type of epithelium lines the bladder?
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transitional epithelium thrown into folds
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what is the name of the portion of the bladder which is derived from the lower end of the mesonephric duct (mesoderm)?
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trigone
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which direction do the ureters open?
which direction does the urethra open? |
superiorly
inferiorly |
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in males, what structure in the urethral orifice prevents semen reflux during ejaculation?
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sphincter vesicae
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what is the name for the thickened pelvic fascia anterior to the bladder in a male?
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puboprostatic ligament
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what is the name for the thickened pelvic fascia anterior to the bladder in a female?
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pubovesical ligament
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where is the bladder surrounded by pelvic fascia?
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below the peritoneum
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what must the puboprostatic/pubovesical ligaments connect to to form lateral true ligaments?
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obturator fascia
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what innervates the bladder?
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nervi erigentes
pudendal nerves (S2,S3, S4) sympathetic nerves |
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where does the internal urethral orifice lead in a male?
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directly to the prostatic urethra
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where is the prostate located?
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immediately below the bladder in a male
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how many ducts are present in the prostate?
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15-20
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what structure do the prostatic ducts open into?
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prostatic urethra
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what structure surrounds the prostate?
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prostatic venous plexus
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what does the prostate have?
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large amount of smooth muscle
capsule 2 lateral lobes middle lobe |
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where is the site of carcinoma in a prostate, which can be felt through the rectum?
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2 lateral lobes
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where is the site of benign hypertrophy in a prostate?
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upper part of middle lobe
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onto what structure do the ejaculatory ducts open?
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colliculus seminalis
verumontanum |
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where is the colliculus seminalis?
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on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra
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what is another name for the colliculus seminalis?
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verumontanum
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through what structure does the vas deferens enter the pelvis?
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deep inguinal ring
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where does the vas deferens run within the pelvis?
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on the side wall of pelvis
hooks over ureter posterior to bladder approaches other vas deferens |
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ducts from which structure join the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts?
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seminal vesicles
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what is the purpose of the seminal vesicles?
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to secrete a fluid which contributes to semen
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what is the indentation of the prostatic urethra on the verumontanum called?
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prostatic utricle
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what is the prostatic utricle a remnant of?
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paramesonephric ducts
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what happens to the prostatic utricle in pseudohermaphroditism?
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enlarges to form a mini-uterus and vagina
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what are the parts of the uterus?
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body
fundus cervix uterine/fallopian tubes |
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what happens to the smooth muscle of the uterus during pregnancy which makes them very powerful?
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hypertrophied
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what is the name for the constriction between the lumen of the cervix and the lumen of the body?
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internal os
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what is the name for the opening of the cervix into the vagina?
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external os
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what is the shape of the external os?
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circular until birth of first child
transverse slit after birth of first child |
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where is the vaginal portion of the cervix located?
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protruding into the vagina
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what surrounds the vaginal portion of the cervix?
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anterior, posterior, and lateral vaginal fornices
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where is the supravaginal portion of the cervix located?
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above the level of the vagina
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what surrounds the supravaginal portion of the cervix?
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pelvic connective tissue (parametrium)
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what is the name for uterine muscle?
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myometrium
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what is the name for the mucosa lining the uterus?
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endometrium
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what is the name for the pelvic connective tissue of the uterus?
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parametrium
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what happens to the cervix in the first stage of labor?
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upper 1/3 is taken up into the uterus
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what is referred to as the lower uterine segment?
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upper 1/3 of the cervix
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how is the uterus positioned in a female's body?
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anteflexed and anteverted
less anteverted when bladder is full |
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when passing laterally, in what does the uterine tube lie?
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broad ligament
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what are the parts of the uterine tubes?
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infundibulum
ampulla isthmus |
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over what does the ovarian end of the uterine tube pass?
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over the upper pole of the ovary
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where does the ovarian end of the uterine tube travel?
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down the posterior surface of the ovary with fimbriae covering the medial surface of the ovary
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what are the three divisions of the broad ligaments?
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mesosalpinx
mesovarium mesometrium |
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what forms the broad ligament?
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parietal peritoneum
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what is another name for the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
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infundibulopelvic ligament
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what forms the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
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a fold of peritoneum
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what is the purpose of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
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connect ovary and end of uterine tube to side wall of pelvis
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what is located between the layers of the broad ligament?
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round ligament of the uterus
ligament of the ovary |
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what is the female equivalent of the gubernaculum?
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ligament of the ovary
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where does the uterine artery travel?
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near the base of the broad ligament
ascends between layers of the broad ligament ascends along the side of the uterus |
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where are transverse cervical ligaments located?
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in the base of the broad ligament
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what is a prolapsed uterus?
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abnormally descended uterus bulging into the vagina
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what causes a prolapsed uterus?
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difficult vaginal delivery
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what provides the integrity of the pelvic floor?
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perineal body
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what structure maintains the uterus in the anteverted position?
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round ligament
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what forms the lateral boundaries of the rectouterine pouch?
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uterosacral ligaments
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where are the uterosacral ligaments?
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between cervix and sacrum
enclosed in rectouterine fold |
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what are the other names for the transverse cervical ligament?
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cardinal ligament
Mackenrodt's ligament |
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what structures form pubocervical ligaments as the pass posteriorly?
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pubovesical ligaments
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what five structures support the uterus?
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perineal body
round ligament uterosacral ligaments transverse cervical ligament pubovesical ligaments |
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where are ovaries located before first pregnancy?
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side wall of pelvis
in the angle between external iliac vessels and internal iliac arteries and ureter |
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what attaches the ovary to the upper surface of the broad ligament?
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mesovarium
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what surrounds the ovary?
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layer of germinal epithelium
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where does an egg travel when its Graafian follicle ruptures?
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follicle -> peritoneal cavity (momentarily) -> fimbriae -> infundibulum -> ampulla ->isthmus
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where is the tunica albuginea in an ovary?
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beneath the germinal epithelium
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what causes irregularities in the surface of mature ovaries?
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presence of immature follicles, corpora lutea, and scars of old corpora lutea
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where does the vagina pass?
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superiorly and posteriorly
from vestibule to cervix |
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what type of epithelium lines the vagina?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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when does the lining of the vagina undergo minor variations?
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during menstrual cycle
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what are the two layers of smooth muscle in the vagina?
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outer, longitudinal layer
inner, circular layer |
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what striated muscle reinforces the smooth muscle of the vagina?
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bulbospongiosus
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what structure does the bulbospongiosus help form?
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sphincter vaginae
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from where is the lubrication of the vagina provided?
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cervical mucus
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what arteries supply the female internal genitalia?
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uterine artery
vaginal artery ovarian artery |
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from which artery does the uterine artery branch?
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internal iliac artery
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what artery provides the main blood supply of the uterus?
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uterine artery
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what artery to the female internal genitalia hypertrophies during pregnancy?
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uterine artery
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what structure does the uterine artery pass over?
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ureter
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what male equivalent does the vaginal artery usually replace?
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inferior vesical artery
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where does the vaginal artery pass?
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below the ureter
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what does the vaginal artery supply?
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vagina
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what artery does the ovarian artery branch from?
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aorta
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where does the ovarian artery pass from the side wall of the pelvis?
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in the suspensory ligament
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what artery anastomoses with the uterine artery?
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ovarian artery
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what does the ovarian artery supply?
|
ovary and part of uterine tube
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where do common iliac arteries divide?
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brim of pelvis
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what do common iliac arteries branch into?
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internal iliac arteries (posterior)
external iliac arteries (anterior) |
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what are the anterior branches of the internal iliac arteries?
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superior vesical artery
obturator artery inferior vesical artery (vaginal artery in females) middle rectal artery uterine artery (only in females) |
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what is the superior vesical artery attached to?
|
obliterated umbilical artery
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what nerve does the obturator artery join?
|
obturator nerve
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where does the obturator artery join the obturator nerve?
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on the obturator internus
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where do the obturator nerve and obturator artery leave the pelvis?
|
via the upper part of the obturator foramen
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what variation is common in the obturator artery?
|
arise from inferior epigastric artery
run down posterior to pubis to join obturator nerve |
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during what procedure is the obturator artery vulnerable in its common variation?
|
hernia operation
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why is the obturator artery vulnerable during a hernia operation in its common variation?
|
it lies posterior to the lacunar ligament
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what two anterior branches commonly arise from a common trunk?
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inferior vesical arteries
middle rectal arteries |
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what are the two terminal branches of the internal iliac artery?
|
internal pudendal artery
inferior gluteal artery |
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where do the two terminal branches of the internal iliac artery leave the pelvis?
|
greater sciatic notch below piriformis
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what does the internal pudendal artery cross before reentering the ischiorectal fossa?
|
ischial spine
|
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where does the internal pudendal artery cross the ischial spine?
|
gluteal region
|
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where does the internal pudendal artery reenter the ischiorectal forssa?
|
below the levator ani
|
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where does the inferior gluteal artery leave the pelvis?
|
between the first and second sacral nerves
|
|
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what region does the inferior gluteal artery enter?
|
gluteal region
|
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where is the posterior branch of the internal iliac artery directed?
|
to the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen
|
|
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what are the three nonvisceral branches of the posterior branch of the internal iliac artery?
|
Iliolumbar artery
Lateral sacral artery superior gluteal artery |
|
|
where does the iliolumbar artery travel?
|
over brim
ascends in front of sacrum anastomoses with lumbar arteries |
|
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where does the lateral sacral artery travel?
|
enters sacral foramina
|
|
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what does the lateral sacral artery supply?
|
contents of sacral canal
|
|
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what branch of the posterior branch of the internal iliac artery is commonly doubled?
|
lateral sacral artery
|
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where does the superior gluteal artery travel?
|
through greater sciatic foramen
between lumbosacral trunk and S1 |
|
|
where does the ductus deferens enter the pelvis? in what relation to the inferior epigastric artery?
|
through deep ring
lateral to inferior epigastric artery |
|
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what does the ductus deferens cross in the pelvis?
|
obliterated umbilical artery
obturator artery ureter |
|
|
what structures are crossed by the ureter in the pelvis?
|
external iliac vessels
anterior branches of internal iliac artery |
|
|
what is the path of the ureter?
|
close to internal iliac artery at first
later runs medially (passing superior to lateral fornix of vagina) enters bladder |
|
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what is superior to the ovarian fossa?
|
external iliac vessels
|
|
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what is anterior to the ovarian fossa?
|
obliterated umbilical artery
|
|
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what is posterior to the ovarian fossa?
|
ureter
internal iliac vessels |
|
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what is lateral to the ovarian fossa?
|
obturator nerve
obturator vessels |
