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349 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the lateral boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
Ramus of the mandible and zygomatic arch
What is the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
Lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
What is the anterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
Posterior surface of the maxilla
What is the posterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
Styloid process and external auditory meatus
What is the superior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
Inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid
What is the inferior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
Superior border of the body of the mandible
In which region can the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments be found?
In the infratemporal fossa
In what region can most of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles be found?
In the infratemporal fossa
What conduits allow for communication with the infratemporal fossa?
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Posterior Superior Alveolar Canal Opening
Mandibular Canal Opening
Infraorbital Fissure
Pterygomaxillary Fissure
Petrotympanic Fissure
What muscle inserts on the pterygoid fovea and the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint, has two heads (Superior and Inferior) and is a muscle of mastication?
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
What nerve innervates the Lateral Pterygoid muscle?
Lateral Pterygoid branch of Mandibular Division of Trigeminal (V3)
What action does the lateral pterygoid muscle have?
Depression of Mandible
Protrusion of Mandible
Lateral Deviation (Grinding or Chewing)
What muscle inserts on the medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible posterior to the mylohyoid groove, has two heads (superficial and deep), and is a muscle of mastication?
Medial Pterygoid Muscle
What nerve innervates the medial pterygoid muscle?
Medial pterygoid branch of Mandibular division of Trigeminal (V3)
What is the action of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Elevate the Mandible
Assist in Protrusion
What muscle inserts on the coronoid process, and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible, originates from the floor of the temporal fossa, and is a muscle of mastication?
Temporalis Muscle
What nerve innervates the temporalis muscle?
Anterior and Posterior deep temporal branches of mandibular division of Trigeminal (V3)
What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
Elevate the mandible
Retrude The Mandible
What muscle of mastication is not located within the infratemporal fossa?
Masseter Muscle
What muscle inserts on the lateral surface of the ramus, coronoid process, and angle of the mandible, originates from the inferior border of the zygomatic arch, and is a muscle of mastication?
Masseter Muscle
What nerve innervates the masseter muscle?
Masseteric branch of the mandibular division of Trigeminal (V3)
What is the action of the masseter muscle?
Elevate the Mandible
Assist in Protrusion
Assist in Retrusion (Deep Head)
From which artery does the maxillary artery branch from?
External Carotid Artery
Which portions of the maxillary artery can be found in the infratemporal fossa?
The 1st - Mandibular
The 2nd - Pterygoid
What arteries branch from the first mandibular portion of the maxillary artery?
Deep Auricular a.
Anterior tympanic a.
Middle meningeal a.
Accessory meningeal a.
Inferior alveolar a.
What artery supplies the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane and lining of the external auditory meatus?
Deep Auricular a.
What artery supplies the medial surface of the tympanic membrane after traversing the petrotympanic fissure?
Anterior tympanic a.
What artery supplies the dura and bones of the skull?
Middle meningeal a.
Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?
Foramen Spinosum
What artery supplies the trigeminal ganglion and the dura within its vicinity?
Accessory meningeal a.
Where does the accessory meningeal artery enter the skull?
Foramen Ovale
What artery gives off a branch to the mylohyoid m. before entering the mandibular canal to supply the lower teeth?
Inferior alveolar a.
What are the branches of the second pterygoid portion of the maxillary artery?
Masseteric a.
Deep temporal aa.
Pterygoid branches
Buccal a.
Through what channel of communication does the pterygoid portion of the maxillary artery pass into the pterygopalatine fossa?
Pterygomaxillary Fissure
What artery supplies the masseter muscle after traversing the mandibular notch?
Masseteric a.
What artery supplies the temporalis muscle?
Deep temporal aa.
What artery supplies the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?
Pterygoid Branches
What artery supplies the buccinator muscle and mucous membrane of the oral vestibule?
Buccal a.
Where is the pterygopalatine, 3rd, portion of the maxillary artery in relation to the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2 as it enters the pterygopalatine fossa?
Inferior
What are the branches of the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery?
Posterior Superior Alveolar a.
Infraorbital a.
Artery of Pterygoid Canal
Pharyngeal a.
Descending palatine a.
Sphenopalatine a.
What main veins communicate with the pterygoid plexus?
Ophthalmic Veins
Facial Vein
Cavernous Sinus
From where does the mandibular division of Trigeminal enter the infratemporal fossa?
Foramen Ovale
Between which muscles can the main trunk of V3 be found?
Lateral Pterygoid and Tensor Palati muscles
What are the branches of V3 that come from the main trunk?
Meningeal n.
Nerve to Medial Pterygoid m.
Nerve to Tensor palati m.
Nerve to Tensor Tympani m.
What are the branches of the anterior division of V3?
Nerve to Masseter m.
Anterior deep temporal n.
Posterior deep temporal n.
Nerve to Lateral Pterygoid m.
Buccal n.
What type of innervation do the nerves branches of the anterior division of V3 primarily give?
Motor
What vessel does the meningeal n. accompany?
Middle meningeal artery
What is the exception of the anterior division of V3 being primarily motor innervation?
The Buccal n. - Provides sensory innervation to skin of cheek and mucous membrane of oral vestibule
What are the branches of the posterior division of V3?
Auriculotemporal n.
Lingual n.
Inferior alveolar n.
What type of innervation do the branches of the posterior division of V3 mostly provide?
Sensory
What is the exception for the branches of the posterior division of V3 providing primarily sensory innervation?
Inferior Alveolar n. - Provides motor innervation via mylohyoid branch
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the anterior superior part of the auricular skin and lining of the external auditory meatus?
Auriculotemporal n.
What nerve innervates the temporomandibular joint?
Auriculotemporal n.
Where do the parasympathetic fibers of the auriculotemporal n. synapse?
Otic Ganglion
What nerve provides postganglionic, parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland to regulate glandular secretion?
Auriculotemporal n.
What nerve provides sensory information to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and adjacent gingiva?
Lingual n.
What cranial nerve rides with the lingual nerve?
Facial CN VII - from chorda tympani n.
What nerve supplies motor innervation to the mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric muscle?
Mylohyoid branch of Inferior Alveolar n.
What nerve supplies the lower teeth and gingiva?
Inferior alveolar n.
What nerve supplies the chin and lower lip?
Mental n.
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Highly modified hinge synovial joint
What two structures form the articulation of the TMJ?
Mandible and squamous portion of temporal bone
What connective tissue attaches to the squamous portion of the temporal bone along the outer margins of the articular areas and around the neck of the mandible to encapsulate the joint cavity?
Joint Capsule of TMJ
What does the fibrous capsule being relatively thin and loose accomplish?
It allows for a wide range of movements within the TMJ
What structure is a fibrocartilaginous, biconcave disc, which separates the joint cavity of the TMJ into two synovial compartments?
Articular disc of the TMJ
Why does the TMJ have a superior and an inferior synovial compartment instead of just one synovial compartment?
Two synovial compartments allow for a greater range of jaw movements
What type of action does the inferior synovial compartment provide?
A hinge like action
What type of action does the superior synovial compartment provide?
Gliding motion
What are the four ligaments found with the TMJ?
Lateral Temporomandibular Ligament
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Condylodiscal Ligament
What ligament of the TMJ gives lateral strength to the articular capsule and serves to prevent posterior dislocation of the joint?
Lateral Temporomandibular Ligament
What ligament of the TMJ provides protection of the nerves and vasculature passing though the mandibular foramen from tensile stresses, and also limits distension of the mandible in the inferior direction?
Sphenomandibular ligament
Which ligament of the TMJ is the weakest and least protective?
Stylomandibular Ligament
What ligament provides a boundary between the parotid and submandibular salivary glands?
Stylomandibular ligament
Which ligament of the TMJ serves to maintain the proper alignment of the TMJ articular disc upon the condylar surface?
Condylodiscal ligaments
What must occur in order to open the mouth further than about 20mm?
Translation of the TMJ
Where does translation of the TMJ take place?
In the superior synovial compartment
What muscles are involved in the depression of the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid m.
Suprahyoid m.
Infrahyoid m.
What muscles are involved in the elevation of the TMJ?
Temporalis m.
Masseter m.
Medial pterygoid m.
What muscles are involved in the protrusion of the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid m.
Medial pterygoid m.
Masseter m. (Superficial Head)
What muscles are involved in the retrusion of the TMJ?
Temporalis m.
Masseter m. (Deep head)
What muscles are involved in the lateral deviation of the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid m.
Medial pterygoid m.
Temporalis m.
Masseter m.
What type of movement requires different actions at each condyle of the TMJ?
Lateral deviation
What arteries supply blood to the TMJ?
Superficial Temporal a. - Predominantly
Deep Auricular a.
Anterior Tympanic a.
What nerves provide sensory information of the TMJ?
Auriculotemporal n.
Masseteric n.
What is the most common form of TMJ dislocation?
Anterior dislocation
What type of dislocation is common from excessive and prolonged opening of the mouth?
Anterior dislocation
What type of dislocation is common from a direct frontal blow to the chin?
Posterior dislocation
What type of dislocation in extreme cases can lead to damage to the external auditory meatus?
Posterior dislocation
What type of TMJ dislocation can result from of mandibular fracture, or a sideways blow to the jaw or chin when the mouth is open?
Lateral dislocation
What type of TMJ dislocation can result from a direct blow to a partially opened mouth?
Superior dislocation
What type of TMJ dislocation can result in facial nerve palsy, cerebral contusion or deafness?
Superior dislocation
What branches of the ophthalmic a. supply arterial blood to the septum?
Posterior ethmoid a.
Anterior ethmoid a.
What branches of the maxillary a. supply arterial blood to the septum?
Medial posterior nasal branch
Nasopalatine a.
Greater Palatine a.
What branch of the facial artery supplies blood to the septum?
Septal branch of superior labial a.
What nerves provide innervation to the septum from the ophthalmic division of Trigeminal?
Anterior ethmoid n.
What nerves provide innervation to the septum from the maxillary division of Trigeminal?
Medial posterior nasal n.
Nasopalatine n.
What nerve provides special sensory to the superior aspect of the septum?
Olfactory n. - CN I
What bones form the lateral nasal wall?
Nasal
Ethmoid
Inferior Concha
Maxilla
Frontal
Lacrimal
Palatine
Where can the palatine canal and sphenopalatine foramen be found?
In the palatine bone
What are the projections of the lateral nasal wall into the nasal cavity that have a bony core and are covered by a highly vascularized mucosa that aids in warming and moistening inspired air?
Nasal Conchae
What two nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone?
Superior and Middle Conchae
What are the spaces located inferior and lateral to each concha?
Meati
Where can the inferior meatus be found?
Below the inferior concha
Where can the middle meatus be located?
Below the middle concha
What meatus is composed of the ethmoidal bulla and hiatus semilunaris?
Middle meatus
Where can the superior meatus be found in relation to the superior concha?
Below the superior concha
Where can the sphenoethmoidal recess be found?
Above the superior concha
What structure provides a means for communication between the nasal cavity and adjacent structures?
Ostia
What ostia opens into the inferior meatus?
Orbit - Via Nasolacrimal duct
What ostia opens to the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus?
Anterior ethmoid sinuses
What ostia opens to the posterior portion of hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus?
Maxillary sinus
What ostia opens to the anterior portion of hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus?
Frontal sinus - Via Frontonasal Duct
What ostia opens on the ethmoidal bulla of the middle meatus?
Middle ethmoid sinuses
What ostia opens to the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoid sinuses
What ostia opens to the sphenoethmoidal recess?
Sphenoid sinus
What ostia transmits sphenopalatine nerve, artery and vein from the pterygopalatine fossa?
Sphenopalatine foramen
Which branches of the opthalmic a. supply blood to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Posterior ethmoid a.
Anterior ethmoid a.
What branches of the maxillary a. supply blood to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Superior lateral posterior nasal a.
Inferior lateral posterior nasal a.
What nerves supply innervation to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Anterior ethmoid n. (V1)
Superior lateral posterior nasal (V2)
Inferior lateral posterior nasal (V2)
What are the group of air-filled spaces which occupy the bones surrounding the nasal cavity?
Paranasal Sinuses
Where does the frontal sinus reside?
In the frontal bone
How does the frontal sinus communicate with the nasal cavity?
The frontonasal duct
What sinus can be located in close proximity to the internal carotid a., cavernous sinus, pituitary gland, optic chaism and nerve?
Sphenoid sinus
Which sinus is categorized into anterior, middle, and posterior groups based on their drainage patterns into the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid sinus
What nerve courses along the roof of the maxillary sinus?
Infraorbital n.
Where is the pterygopalatine fossa located in relation to the infratemporal fossa?
Medial
Where can the pterygopalatine ganglion, nerve branches to and from the ganglion, and the third part of the maxillary artery and its branches be found?
Pterygopalatine fossa
Which cranial bones can be found on the lateral wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Pterygoid Plate (Posteriorly)
Maxilla (Anteriorly)
Which cranial bones can be found on the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Maxilla (laterally)
Palatine (medially)
Which cranial bones can be found on the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Palatine (anteriorly)
Body of Sphenoid (Posteriorly)
Which cranial bones can be found on the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Body of Sphenoid (Medially)
Pterygoid Plate (Laterally)
On which wall of the pterygopalatine fossa can the pterygomaxillary fissure be found?
Lateral wall
On which wall of the ptergopalatine fossa can the Inferior orbital fissure be found?
Anterior wall
On which wall of the pterygopalatine fossa can the sphenopalatine foramen be found?
Medial wall
On which wall of the pterygopalatine fossa can the pharyngeal canal be found?
Posterior wall
On which wall of the pterygopalatine fossa can the Pterygoid canal be found?
Posterior wall
On which wall of the pterygopalatine fossa can the Foramen rotundum be found?
Posterior wall
Where does the maxillary enter the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the pterygomaxilary fissure
Where does the posterior superior alveolar artery exit the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the pterygomaxillary fissure
Where does the infraorbital a. leave the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the inferior orbital fissure
What are the two branches of the infraorbital a. ?
Orbital branches
Anterior Superior Alveolar a.
What artery supplies the maxillary sinus and the alveolar process near the incisors?
Anterior superior alveolar a.
What are the two divisions of the descending palatine a.?
Anterior Greater palatine a.
Posterior Lesser Palatine a.
What artery supplies the hard palate and anastomoses with the nasopalatine a.?
Greater palatine a.
Through which canal does the nasopalatine a. pass through to anastomose with the greater palatine a.?
Incisive Canal
What artery supplies the soft palate?
Lesser palatine a.
Where does the sphenopalatine a. exit the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the sphenopalatine foramen
What are the branches of the sphenopalatine artery?
Lateral posterior nasal aa.
Medial posterior nasal aa.
Nasopalatine a.
What does the pharyngeal a. course through to supply the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal canal
What artery passes posteriorly to supply the auditory tube, middle ear, and pharynx?
Artery of the Pterygoid Canal
What nerves associated with the pterygopalatine fossa provide special taste sense?
Nerve to pterygoid canal
Greater (superficial) petrosal n.
Facial n.
Greater palatine n.
Lesser palatine n.
What division of CN V - Trigeminal is entirely sensory?
Maxillary Division - V2
What branch of the Maxillary division of CN V is found in the middle cranial fossa?
Middle meningeal n.
Through which fissure does the zygomatic nerve pass on its way to the orbit?
Inferior orbital fissure
What nerve supplies the skin over the prominence of the zygomatic bone?
Zygomaticofacial branch of the Zygomatic n.
What nerve passes deep to the temporalis muscle in the anterior portion of the temporal fossa and supplies the skin innervation in the area?
Zygomaticotemporal branch of the Zygomatic n. (V2)
What nerve carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland?
Communicating branch of the Zygomatic n. (V2)
What are the four groups of the pterygopalatine nerves?
Orbital branches
Nasal branches
Palatine branches
Pharyngeal branch
What nerves supply the periosteum of the orbit?
The orbital branches of the pterygopalatine nerves (V2)
Through which foramen do the nasal branches enter the nasal cavity?
Sphenopalatine foramen
What nerve provides sensory to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Posterior superior lateral nasal branch of the Pterygopalatine nerves (V2)
What nerve branch of the pterygopalatine nerve (V2) passes forward on the nasal septum, to the hard palate via the incisive foramen to become the nasopalatine nerve?
Medial (septal) branch
What nerve provides sensory to the palatal mucosa from cuspid to cuspid?
Nasopalatine n.
What nerve provides sensory information to the palatal gingiva from molars to cuspids?
Anterior Greater palatine n.
What nerve provides sensory information mostly to the soft palate?
Lesser palatine n.
Through which canal does the pharyngeal branch of the pterygopalatine nerves pass?
Pharyngeal canal
What nerve serves the buccal gingiva of the maxillary molar region?
Posterior superior alveolar nerves (external branch)
What nerve supplies innervation to the 3rd, 2nd, and most of the 1st maxillary molar dentition?
Internal branch of the posterior superior alveolar nerves
What nerve often supplies the sinus mucous membrane, premolars, mesiobuccal root of first molars and their buccal gingiva?
Middle superior alveolar nerve
What nerve supplies the sinus mucous membrane, incisors, cuspids, and their labial gingiva?
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Through which foramen does the infraorbital nerve pass through before dividing into three terminal branches on the face?
Infraorbital foramen
What are the three terminal branches of the infraorbital nerve?
Inferior palpebral
Superior labial
External (lateral) nasal
What nerve supplies the skin of the lower eyelid and conjunctiva?
Inferior palpebral
What nerve supplies the skin and mucous membrane of the upper lip?
Superior labial n.
What nerve supplies the skin on the side of the nose?
External nasal n.
Which of the three branches of CN V is the largest?
Mandibular - V3
What are the four branches of the undivided trunk of the mandibular division of CN V?
Nervus spinosus (Meningeal n.)
Medial pterygoid
Tensor Tympani
Tensor veli palatini
What nerve enters the cranial cavity via foramen spinosum to provide sensory information to the dura?
Nervus Spinosus (Meningeal n.)
What nerve provides motor innervation to the medial pterygoid m.?
Medial pterygoid n. (V3)
What nerve provides motor fibers to the tensor tympani m. through the otic ganglion?
Tensor Tympani n. (V3)
What nerve provides motor fibers to the tensor veli palatini m. through the otic ganglion?
Tensor veli palatini n. (V3)
What division of V3 contains mostly motor fibers?
The Anterior Division
What are the four branches of the anterior division of V3?
Long Buccal n.
Anterior & Posterior Deep Temporal nn.
Masseter n.
Lateral pterygoid n.
What nerve branch of the anterior division of V3 does not provide motor fibers?
Long buccal n.
What nerve provides sensory to the mucous membrane of the cheek, retromolar pad, and buccal gingiva of mandibular molars?
Long buccal n.
What nerve provides motor fibers to the temporalis m.?
Anterior and Posterior deep temporal nn.
What nerve provides motor fibers to the masseter muscle?
Masseter n.
What nerve provides motor fibers to the lateral pterygoid m?
Lateral pterygoid n. (V3 - Ant. Div)
What division of V3 provides mostly sensory innervation?
Posterior division
What are the three main branches of the posterior division of V3?
Auriculotemporal n.
Lingual n.
Inferior alveolar n.
What nerve has two roots that surround the middle meningeal artery?
Auriculotemporal n.
What are the five terminal branches of the auriculotemporal n.?
Parotid Branches
Articular branches
Auricular branches
Meatal branches
Terminal superficial temporal branches
What nerve provides sensory and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid region?
Parotid branches of the auriculotemporal n.
What nerve has sensory fibers entering the posterior aspect of the TMJ?
Articular branches of the auriculotemporal n.
What nerve provides sensory fibers to the anterior part of the ear?
Auricular branches of the auriculotemporal n.
What nerve provides sensory fibers to the skin of the external auditory meatus?
Meatal branches of the auriculotemporal n.
What nerve provides sensory to the scalp over the temporal region?
Terminal superficial temporal branches of the auriculotemporal n.
What nerve provides sensory to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and lingual gingiva?
Lingual n. (V3 - Posterior Division)
What nerve of the posterior division of V3 can be found on the superficial surface of the hyoglossus m.?
Lingual n.
What nerve branches from the lingual n. and carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from VII to the submandibular ganglion to provide special visceral afferent fibers (taste) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani n.
Which branch of the posterior division of V3 passes between the mandibular ramus and sphenomandibular ligament to enter the mandibular canal?
Inferior alveolar n.
What is the branch of the inferior alveolar n. from the infratemporal fossa?
Mylohyoid n.
What nerve provides motor fibers to the mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric mm.?
Mylohyoid n.
What nerve provides sensory to the mandibular teeth and buccal gingiva of premolars, cuspid, and incisors?
Inferior alveolar n.
What nerve passes through the mental foramen?
Mental branch of Inferior Alveolar n.
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the chin and lower lip, mucous membrane of lower lip and some gingiva on the labial side of the mandible in the premolar, cuspid, and incisor regions?
Mental branch of Inferior Alveolar n.
What cranial nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as they exit the brainstem?
III - Oculomotor
VII - Facial
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
Through which ganglion do the preganglionic fibers of CN III synapse?
The ciliary ganglion
Through which ganglion do the preganglionic fibers of CN VII via the Greater Petrosal n. and nerve of the Pterygoid canal synapse?
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Through which ganglion do the preganglionic fibers of CN VII via the chorda tympani n. and lingual n. synapse?
Submandibular Ganglion
Through which ganglion do the preganglionic fibers of CN IX via the Lesser Petrosal n. synapse?
Otic Ganglion
Through which ganglion do the preganglionic fibers of CN X via the vagus n. synapse?
Ganglia within the thoracic and abdominal visceral organs
What is the superior boundary of the pharynx?
Base of Occipital bone
What is the inferior boundary of the pharynx?
Espohagus and Larynx @ about C6 level
What is the posterior boundary of the pharynx?
Retropharyngeal space and alar fascia
What is the anterior boundary of the pharynx?
Superior: Choanae
Intermediate: Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Inferior: Posterior surface of larynx
What is the superior region of the pharynx that includes the choanae and is superior to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
What is the region of the pharynx that is posterior to the oral cavity?
Oropharynx
What is the inferior region of the pharynx that is posterior to the larynx?
Laryngopharynx
What are the ridges of mucosa lining the pharynx referred to as?
Folds
Where can the following structures be located in the pharynx:
Choanae
Pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube, torus tubarus
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Pharyngeal recess
Pharyngeal tonsil
Nasopharynx
Where can the following structures be located in the pharynx:

Palatoglossal and Palatopharyngeal folds
Palatine tonsils
Median and Lateral Glossoepiglottic folds
Valleculae
Oropharynx
In which part of the pharynx can the piriform recess be found?
Laryngopharynx
Where do all three constrictor muscles of the pharyx attach?
Median raphe
What muscle originates from the pterygoid hamulus and the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible and the pterygomandibular raphe?
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor m.
What muscle originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone?
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
What muscles originates from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage and the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage?
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.
What are the three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Where does the palatopharyngeus m. originate from?
Hard Palate
Where does the Salpingopharyngeus m. originate from?
Cartilagenous part of the auditory tube
Where does the Stylopharyngeus m. originate from?
Styloid Process
What closes the gap between the superior constrictor m. and the base of the skull?
Pharyngobasilar fascia
What structures pass through the pharyngobasilar fascia?
Levator palati m.
Auditory tube
What structures pass between the superior and middle constrictors?
Stylopharyngeus m.
Glossopharyngeal n.
What structures pass between the middle and inferior constrictor muscles?
Internal laryngeal n. (CN X)
Superior laryngeal a. (branch of Superior thyroid a.)
What structures pass inferior to the inferior constrictor muscle?
Recurrent laryngeal n.
What nerve innervates the majority of the muscles of the pharynx?
Vagus n.
Which two muscles of the pharynx are not innervated by the vagus n.?
Stylopharyngeus (Glossopharyngeal n.)
Tensor palati (Trigeminal - V3)
What nerve innervates the superior aspect of the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal branch of Trigeminal - V2
What nerve innervates the pharyngeal mucosa with the exception of the superior aspect of the nasopharynx?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal n.
What structure connects the oropharynx with the trachea for respiration?
Larynx
What structure serves as a valve to protect the airway during swallowing and is an organ for vocalization?
Larynx
What structure of the larynx admits the superior laryngeal a. and internal laryngeal n.?
Thyrohyoid membrane
What structure of the larynx contributes to conus elasticus?
Cricothyroid membrane
What structure is the only complete cartilaginous ring in the respiratory tree?
Cricoid cartilage
What structure rests on the superior facets of the cricoid cartilage?
Arytenoid cartilage
What structure when covered with mucosa forms the true vocal folds?
Vocal ligament
What is the space called between the vocal folds?
rima glottis
What structure is known as the false vocal folds?
Vestibular fold
What membrane can be found superior to the false vocal folds that is bounded on four sides?
Quadrangular (Vestibular) membrane
Where can the false vocal cords be found in relation to the true vocal folds?
Above
What is the depression between the true and false vocal folds?
Ventricle
What is the layer of elastic tissue extending inferiorly from the vocal ligaments to the inner lamina of the cricoid cartilage?
Conus elasticus
What muscle is the only extrinsic muscle of the larynx?
Cricothyroid m.
What muscles affect the tension of the vocal cords?
Cricothyroid m.
Thyroarytenoid m.
Vocalis m.
What muscles open or close the rima glottis?
Posterior cricoarytenoid m.
Lateral cricoarytenoid m.
Arytenoideus m.
What muscle tenses the aryepiglottic fold?
Aryepiglotticus m.
What muscle aids the epiglottis in protecting the laryngeal opening?
Thyroepiglotticus m.
What does the vocal ligament connect?
The anterior internal surface of the thyroid cartilage to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
What nerve supplies all of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Recurrent Laryngeal n. (From CN X)
What nerve innervates the extrinsic muscle of the larynx, the cricothyroid m.?
External laryngeal n. (From CN X)
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the region of the larynx superior to the true vocal folds?
Internal laryngeal n. (CN X)
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the true vocal folds and inferior region of the larynx?
Recurrent Laryngeal n. (CN X)
What artery supplies blood to the region of the larynx above the true vocal folds?
Superior Laryngeal a. (Branch of superior thyroid a.)
What artery supplies blood to the true vocal folds and the inferior region of the larynx?
Inferior Laryngeal a. (Branch of the inferior thyroid a.)
What is the posterior border of the oral cavity?
Oropharynx
What are the bones that make up the hard palate?
Maxilla and Palatine
What foramen transmits the greater palatine nerve, artery, and vein?
Greater Palatine Foramen
What foramen transmits the lesser palatine nerve, artery, and vein?
Lesser Palatine Foramen
What does the nasopalatine a.v. branch off from?
Sphenopalatine a.v.
What structures can be seen passing through the incisive canal?
nasopalatine n.
nasopalatine a.
nasopalatine v.
greater palatine a. v.
What nerve supplies special sensory innervation of taste to the palate?
Greater Palatine n.
What are the five muscles of the soft palate?
Palatoglossus m.
Palatopharyngeus m.
Levator Palati m.
Tensor Palati m.
Musculus Uvulae m.
What is the origin of the levator palati m.?
Floor of the auditory tube
Where does the tensor palati m. originate?
Scaphoid fossa
What nerve innervates the tensor palati m.?
Branch of Mandibular Division of CN - V (V3)
Where does the musculus uvulae originate from?
Posterior nasal spine
What nerve supplies motor innervation to all of the soft palate muscles except tensor palati m.?
CN X - Vagus n.
What nerve supplies general sensory and special sensory taste to the soft palate?
Lesser Palatine n.
What is the V shaped groove demarcating the border between the body and root of the tongue?
Sulcus Terminalis
What is the vestige of the thyroglossal duct that can be found at the midpoint of sulcus terminalis?
Foramen cecum
In what region is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue found in?
Oropharynx
In which region is the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue found in?
Oral Cavity
Where can taste buds on the tongue be found?
Fungiform Papillae
Foliate Papillae
Vallate Papillae
What is the filiform papillae used to sense?
Tactile Sensation
What is the lymphoid tissue found on the root of the tongue, posterior to the sulcus terminalis called?
Lingual Tonsil
What are the three extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus m.
Hyoglossus m.
Styloglossus m.
Where does the genioglossus m. originate?
Superior mental spine of the mandible
Where does the hyoglossus m. originate?
Greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone
Where does the styloglossus m. originate?
Styloid Process of Temporal Bone
What nerve innervates all of the tongue muscles?
CN XII - Hypoglossal n.
What nerve provides general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3rd of tongue?
Lingual n. (V3)
What nerve provides general sensory to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal n.
What nerve provides general sensory to the area near the epiglottis?
CN X - Vagus n.
What nerve provides special sensory taste to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?
Chorda Tympani branch of CN VII - Facial n. (via lingual n.)
What nerve provides special sensory taste to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
What nerve provides special sensory taste to the area near the epiglottis?
Internal Laryngeal n. (CN X - Vagus n.)
What salivary glands can be found in the sublingual region?
Sublingual Salivary Gland
Submandibular Salivary Gland
What gland is situated between the base of the tongue and body of mandible, which has right and left halves which meet anteriorly?
Sublingual Salivary Gland
What gland is C-shaped, which wraps around the posterior free margin of the mylohyoid m. ?
Submandibular Salivary Gland
Where does the submandibular duct empty into the sublingual region?
Through the sublingual papilla
What structure can be found on the lateral edges of the lingual frenulum?
Sublingual Papilla
What artery arises from the external carotid a. near the hyoid bone and passes anteriorly to course deep to the hyoglossus m.?
lingual a.
What two muscles does the lingual a. course between?
Hyoglossus m. and the genioglossus m.
What branch of the lingual a. does not enter the body of the tongue?
Sublingual branch
What artery supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
Dorsal lingual branches of lingual a.
What artery supplies the body of the tongue and courses to the tip of the tongue?
Profunda lingual a.
What nerve enters the oral cavity proper, superior to mylohyoid m. and courses lateral to the hyoglossus m. in the sublingual region, and conveys motor fibers to the muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal n.
What nerve conveys general sensory fibers from the mandibular division of CN V, taste fibers from the chorda tympani n. and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from CN VII?
Lingual n.
Where does the lingual nerve course in relation to the hyoglossus m. within the sublingual region?
Lateral
What ganglion can often be seen hanging from the lingual n.?
Submandibular ganglion
What nerve fibers pass through the submandibular ganglion but do not synapse?
Sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus
Which nerves innervate the buccal gingiva of the maxillary teeth?
Superior alveolar nn. (Ant, Mid, Post)
What nerves innervate the palatal gingiva of the maxillary teeth?
Nasopalatine n.
Greater Palatine n.
What nerves innervate the mandibular teeth?
Inferior Alveolar n.
What nerves innervate the lingual gingiva of the mandibular teeth?
Lingual n.
What nerves innervate the buccal gingiva of the mandibular teeth?
Long Buccal n. (molar teeth)
Mental n. (premolar, canine, incisor)
What structures act to filter lymph?
Lymph Nodes
Where does lymph eventually end up?
The Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct
What are the three lymph nodes of the head?
Occipital
Mastoid
Preauricular
What are the three lymph nodes of the face?
Parotid
Superificial Facial
Deep Facial
What lymph node follows the course of the facial artery?
Superficial Facial
What lymph node follows the course of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa?
Deep Facial
What are the six lymph nodes of the neck?
Anterior cervical
Submental
Submandibular
Superficial Cervical
Retropharyngeal
Deep Cervical
What lymph node is a chain of nodes that parallels the external jugular superficial to the SCM?
Superficial Cervical
What lymph node forms a chain along the carotid sheath?
Deep Cervical
Which lymph node filters all of the lymph from the head and neck before draining into the jugular trunk?
Deep Cervical
What nodes drain lymph from the posterior scalp?
Occipital
What nodes drain the area posterior to the external auditory meatus?
Mastoid nodes
What nodes drain the area anterior to the external auditory meatus?
Preauricular nodes
What nodes drain the parotid gland and the area deep to it?
Parotid nodes
What nodes drain the area of the eyelids, nose, cheek?
Superficial facial nodes
What nodes drain the temporal, infratemporal fossa and nasal pharynx?
Deep facial nodes
What nodes drain the medial part of the lower lip, lower incisor teeth, and the tip of tongue?
Submental nodes
Which nodes drain the anterior nasal cavity maxillary and mandibular teeth?
Submandibular nodes
What nodes drain the posterior nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and oropharynx?
Retropharyngeal nodes
What node drains into the jugular trunk?
Inferior deep cervical nodes
What are the two categories of fascia?
Superficial
Deep
What type of fascia serves to facilitate movement of muscles, and to conduct neurovascular structures?
Deep Fascia
What type of fascia serves to store fat and water, and provide thermal insulation?
Superficial fascia
What is the space between the Alar and prevertebral fascial layers called?
Danger Space
Where does the danger space end?
The Diaphragm
What are the six spaces or fascial planes located in the head?
Superficial Space
Parotid Space
Sublingual Space
Submandibular Space
Tonsillar Space
Masticatory Space
What space can communicate with the superficial space?
Possibly the submandibular space
What space can communicate with the parotid space?
None
What spaces can communicate with the sublingual space?
Submandibular space
Masticatory Space
What spaces can communicate with the submandibular space?
Sublingual space
Masticatory Space
What spaces can communicate with the tonsillar space?
Submandibular space
Sublingual Space
What spaces can communicate with the masticatory space?
Parapharyngeal Spaces
Sublingual Space
Submandibular Space