Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anatomically, the THORAX is bounded posteriorly, by...
|
the bodies of thoracic vertebrae 1 through 12
|
|
|
Anatomically, the THORAX is bounded laterally, by...
|
the ribs, costal cartilages and the muscles lying between the ribs, the intercostal muscles
|
|
|
Anatomically, the THORAX is bounded anteriorly, by...
|
the manubrium and body of the sternum
|
|
|
Anatomically, the THORAX is bounded superiorly, by...
|
the thoracic inlet (an ovoid plane defined by the body of thoracic vertebra 1, the inner margins of ribs 1 on either side and the manubrium anteriorly)
|
|
|
Anatomically, the THORAX is bounded inferiorly, by...
|
the thoracic outlet which is demarcated by the upper surface of a muscle forming a transverse septum across the lower extent of the costal arch of the thoracic cage, the diaphragm muscle
|
|
|
There are how many thoracic vertebrae?
|
12
|
|
|
the apex of the lungs rise into the _____ _____ and break this plane
|
thoracic inlet
|
|
|
The first 7 ribs make a direct joint via costal cartilages with the...
|
sternum
|
|
|
Ribs 11 and 12 have no connection to the sternum so they are called...
|
floating ribs
|
|
|
Ribs 8, 9 and 10 joint with the costal cartilages to form a...
|
“costal margin”
|
|
|
Thoracic outlet:
|
upper surface of the diaphragm
|
|
|
The intercostal muscles are innervated by motor branches from...
|
segmental intercostal nerves (anterior or ventral primary rami of spinal nerves).
|
|
|
neurovascular plane
|
The plane between the internal intercostal muscle and the innermost intercostal muscle.
The ant. and post. intercostal veins, ant. and post. intercostal arteries and intercostal nerves travel in an intercostal space within this plane |
|
|
Typical Ribs
|
(#3-10
|
|
|
Innermost intercostal groups:
|
Intercostalis intimus
Transversus thoracis |
|
|
Intercostal nerves transmit what type(s) of fibers?
|
motor, sensory and sympathetic fibers.
They innervate hypaxial muscle, receive sensation from a discrete dermatome and supply sweat glands and blood vessels with autonomic fibers. |
|
|
Anterior intercostal arteries are derived from...
|
the internal thoracic artery
|
|
|
Thoracic contents =
|
2 lungs with their double pleural coverings plus the contents of the mediastinum
|
|
|
Hypaxial muscles =
|
body wall muscles.
|
|
|
Most of the venous return from intercostal spaces travels posteriorly into bilateral veins located along the vertebral column. On the right side, drainage enters the _____ vein. On the left side, drainage reaches the ________ vein
|
Azygos
Hemiazygos |
|
|
Anterior to posterior: VATE:
|
Veins > Arteries > Trachea > Esophagus.
|
|
|
The pleural sac folds back upon itself and is sealed off at the ____
|
“hilum”
|
|
|
The anterior mediastinum lies between...
|
the sternum and pericardium
|
|
|
the posterior mediastinum lies between...
|
the middle mediastinum and the vertebral column.
|
|
|
the pulmonary ligament
|
The area where the fusion between the two pleural linings hangs inferiorly
|
|
|
costomediastinal recess
|
as the costal parietal pleura on the anterior thoracic wall reaches the mediastinum, it reflects onto the surface of the mediastinum as the mediastinal parietal pleura. This point of reflection is called the costomediastinal recess. This recess provides the lungs with a sharp, antero-medial border.
|
|
|
Costodiaphragmatic recess
|
peripheral attachment of the diaphragm to the inside of the thoracic wall
|
|
|
With the lungs at rest (after exhaling), the lowest extent of the visceral pleura can be found at...
|
ribs 6, 8 and 10 in the mid-clavicular, axillary and paravertebral lines
The parietal pleura will be found at 2 ribs spaces lower at each line |
|
|
Thoracocentesis point
|
midway between ribs 9 & 10 in the mid-axillary line
|
|
|
the mediastinum is divided anatomically into a superior and inferior mediastinum by what?
|
a plane passing through the sternal angle and the intervertebral disk between T-4 and T-5
|
|
|
Why is the right lung is shorter than the left lung?
|
the higher arch of the diaphragm on the right side due to the underlying right lobe of the liver.
However, the right lung has a greater capacity than the left lung |
|
|
The ____ mainstem bronchus takes a shorter and more vertical course, while the ____ mainstem bronchus takes a longer and more horizontal course.
|
right; left
foreign objects tend to become trapped in the right bronchus or travel to the right lung. |
|
|
Carina:
|
Point at the bottom of the trachea where it branches
|
|
|
The tertiary bronchi and discrete branches of the pulmonary artery divide each lobe of the lung into areas called...
|
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS
important surgically because they divide the lobe into segments which can be removed without compromising adjacent segments |
|
|
Most blood returns from the lung substance via the...
|
pulmonary vein
|
|
|
Autonomic innervation to the lungs accompanies the bronchi and pulmonary vessels as they ramify. These nerves derive from the ______ and ________ _______ plexuses
|
anterior and posterior pulmonary
|
|
|
Parasympathetic fibers to the lungs are derived from what nerve?
|
Vagus nerve
|
|
|
Sympathetic fibers to the lungs are branches of what?
|
Cardiac plexuses
Sympathetic stimulation causes dilatation of the bronchi |
|
|
contraction of the diaphragm causes it to...
|
fall. because of the central tendon
|
|
|
Forcible contraction of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall in tandem with the diaphragm are used to assist the...
|
“voiding responses”
defecation; micturition; coughing |
|
|
"Ghon complex":
|
a calcified mass at the bronchopulmonary nodes that is diagnostic of TB
|
|
|
muscles of the thorax that look like an inverted pine tree.
|
Transverse thoracis
|
|
|
Opening (Hiatuses) through the diaphragm:
|
IVC - Level of T8 within the central tendon
Esophagus - Level of T10; fibers form a functional sphincter on the esophagus Aortic - Level of T12; bounded by the crura laterally and the vertebral bodies posteriorly--aorta passes behind this opening or tunnel |
|
|
C 3,4, & 5...
|
keep the diaphragm alive
|
|
|
the most superficial structure in the superior mediastinum
|
Thymus
|
|
|
superior and inferior sternopericardial ligaments
|
Attach the outer fibrous pericardium to the sternum and xiphoid process
|
|
|
vertebropericardial
ligaments |
Attach the outer fibrous pericardium to the vertebral column
|
|
|
Superiorly, the outer fibrous pericardium blends imperceptibly into the adventitial covering of...
|
the great vessels
|
|
|
transverse pericardial sinus
|
The serous pericardium surrounds both the aorta and the pulmonary artery together within a common sleeve,
which permits a continuous pathway of the pericardial cavity in this area |
|
|
The common sleeve of serous pericardium surrounding the six veins
forms a blind pouch referred to as the... |
oblique pericardial sinus
|
|
|
Position of the Phrenic nerves in the mediastinum
|
lie on the surface of the fibrous or parietal pericardium
anterior to the roots of the lungs. In addition to providing motor and sensory to the diaphragm and its coverings, it carries sensory fibers from the parietal pericardium |
|
|
Pericardial blood supply
|
majority by the pericardiophrenic branches of the internal
thoracic artery (following with the phrenic nerve) and branches of musculcophrenic to fibrous (parietal) pericardium; while the visceral (epicardium and mesothelium) receives small branches from coronary arteries. |
|
|
Myocardial blood supply
|
the myocardium (heart muscle) receives its blood supply
from the most oxygenated blood in the body -- directly from two branches off the aorta via the right and left coronary arteries |
|
|
right marginal branch of the Right coronary artery
|
travels along the surface of the right ventricle. It
continues along the coronary sulcus providing blood to the right atrium, until it reaches the posterior interventricular groove (or sulcus) and travels towards the apex as the posterior interventricular artery to provide blood to the right and left ventricle, posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum, and AV bundle |
|
|
The great cardiac vein receives blood from where?
|
the apex, including the left aspect of right ventricle and right aspect of left
ventricle, and the interventricular septum. |
|
|
crista terminalis
|
band of tissue observed on inner roof of right atrium
|
|
|
How many papillary muscles does the right ventricle have?
|
Usually 3 in the right ventricle:
anterior, septal, and posterior |
|
|
conus arteriosus (infundibulum
|
smooth outflow tract of right ventricle
|
|
|
septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
|
elevation of trabeculae
carnae that forms a bridge between the IV septum and the anterior papillary muscle; only observed in the right ventricle; bridges conducting system |
|
|
bicuspid (“mitral valve”)
|
left AV valve, which has two cusps.
|
|
|
The Left ventricle has how many papillary muscles?
|
Like the cusps of the AV valve, there are only 2 papillary muscles (anterior and posterior)
|
|
|
Conducting System
|
SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle (fasciculus) -> [right and left] bundle branch (or
curua) -> Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Sympathetic Autonomic Innervation
|
- increases heart rate and force of contraction causing dilation of
coronary a. |
|
|
Parasympathetic Autonomic Innervation
|
decreases rate and force causing slight constriction of coronary a.
|
|
|
The first arteries to branch off the aorta are the...
|
coronary arteries.
|
|
|
The Middle cardiac vein travels with...
|
The Posterior Intraventricular artery
|
|
|
Heart Sounds (Auscultation sites)
|
1. Aortic region: (2nd intercostal space at RUSB
2. Pulmonic region: 2nd intercostal space at the LUSB. 3. Tricuspid region (between the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th intercostal spaces at the LLSB. 4. Mitral region: near the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line. |
|
|
three main branches of the aortic arch
|
1. brachiocephalic
2. left common carotid 3. left subclavian |
|
|
10th (X) cranial nerve
|
Vagus Nerve
|
|
|
Vagus Nerve supplies...
|
all thoracic (and most of the abdominal)
viscera. |
|
|
Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
|
- branch of the left vagus nerve on the left lateral surface of the aortic arch
- lies on the inferior surface of arch just lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum - continures superiorly in the groove formed by left posterolateral surface of trachea and anterior surface of esophagus as it travels superiorly to the larynx |
|
|
Cardiac Plexus- Superficial and Deep Plexu - contain what types of fibers?
|
autonomic with both
parasympathetic (vagus) and sympathetic |
|
|
Superficial Cardiac Plexus
|
- lies on the concave surface of aortic arch (inf. surface)
- smaller of the two plexuses - sympathetic contribution from the left superior cervical ganglion only - parasympathetic contribution from the lt. inf. branch of the vagus only |
|
|
Deep Cardiac Plexus
|
- lies on the anterior surface of the trachea at its bifurcation
- larger of the two plexuses - sympathetic from sup. mid., and stellate (fused inferior cervical and 1st thoracic), 2nd, 3rd, and 4th ganglion, except left superior cervical ganglion - parasympathetic from superior, inferior, recurrent, and thoracic branches of the vagus, except left inferior. |
|
|
Contents of the Anterior Mediastinum
|
Thymus
|
|
|
Contents of the Middle Mediastinum
|
Pericardium
Phrenic Nerves Heart Roots of Great Vessels |
|
|
Contents of the Superior Mediastinum
|
Thymus
Great Vessels Trachea Esophagus Vagus Nerve Cardiac Plexus |
|
|
Contents of the Posterior Mediastinum
|
Thoracic Aorta
Esophagus Azygos System Thoracic duct Vagus nerves |
|
|
provides venous drainage from posterior intercostal veins and provides an alternate route of venous drainage between the IVC and SVC
|
Azygos System
|
|
|
Thoracic Duct
|
main lymphatic return to the general circulation, drains thorax and all structures below diaphragm and lower extremities
|
|
|
The investing fascia surrounds...
|
the entire neck; it is an extension of the deep fascia on the most external muscles, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
|
|
|
The pretracheal fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia surround...
|
the pharynx and larynx and their continuations as the trachea and esophagus
|
|
|
retropharyngeal space
|
lies behind the buccopharyngeal fascia; it is continuous with the mediastinum and can allow the spread of infection from the head into the thorax
|
|
|
Contents of the carotid sheath
|
the carotid artery, jugular vein, and vagus nerve
|
|
|
ligamentum nuchae
|
spinous processes are linked by the strong ligament of the neck (ligamentum nuchae)
|
|
|
Semispinalis capitis inserts on...
|
the occiput between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
When they contract, they cause the head to look upwards |
|
|
splenius is attached to...
|
spinous processes and to the superior nuchal line and mastoid process
|
|
|
The greater occipital nerve (C2) is a cutaneous nerve that passes superficial to the sub-occipital triangle and through the _______ muscle to reach the skin and supply it.
|
semispinalis
|
|
|
The suboccipital triangle contains four muscles:
|
1. Rectus capitis posterior minor extends from the posterior tubercle of the atlas to the inferior nuchal line.
2. Rectus capitis posterior major extends from the spinous process of the axis to the inferior nuchal line. 3. Obliquus capitis inferior extends from the spinous process of the axis to the transverse process of the atlas. 4. Obliquus capitis superior extends from the transverse process of the atlas to the occipital bone between the nuchal lines. |
|
|
Motor nerve to all 4 muscles in the sub-occipital triangle
|
suboccipital nerve (C1)
|
|
|
cranial nerve VII
|
The facial nerve
|
|
|
The hyoid bone is attached to the thyroid cartilage via the...
|
thyrohyoid ligament
|
|
|
all of the muscles that attach to the hyoid bone have names that end in–hyoid, except for the...
|
digastric muscles
|
|
|
The posterior belly of the digastric is supplied by what nerve?
|
the facial nerve
|
|
|
The anterior belly of the digastric is supplied by what nerve?
|
the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
|
|
|
The stylohyoid muscle is innervated by the _____ nerve
|
facial
|
|
|
motor branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies: MAST MATT
|
muscles of MASTication plus Mylohyoid, Anterior digastric, Tensor tympani and Tensor veli palatini
|
|
|
The geniohyoid muscle
|
runs anteriorly from the hyoid to the genial tubercle on the inside of the mandible; this muscle is part of the floor of the mouth, which supports the tongue.
|
|
|
Innervation to the sternohyoid, omohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles (strap muscles) is from...
|
ansa cervicalis (C1 to C3)
|
|
|
The costocervical trunk arises from...
|
the right brachiocephalic trunk or the left subclavian artery
|
|
|
Branches of the costocervical trunk supply...
|
cervical muscles and the upper intercostal spaces
|
|
|
receives lymph from the tongue
|
The jugulo-omohyoid node
|
|
|
The vagus nerve carries...
|
1. parasympathetic and sensory supply to the thorax and abdomen
2. somatic motor fibers to the pharynx and larynx. The latter are given off as the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves |
|
|
The glossopharyngeal nerve
|
supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue with taste and general sensation. It also innervates the carotid body and carotid sinus
|
|
|
Boundaries of the posterior triangle of neck
|
posterior border of sternomastoid, anterior border of trapezius, and middle third of clavicle
|
|
|
Cutaneous nerves of the posterior triangle supply skin below and behind the vertex-ear-chin line, down to the supraclavicular region. These are branches of...
|
C2 and C3
|
|
|
cranial nerve XI
|
the accessory nerve
|
|
|
Cervical plexus is ___ defined than brachial plexus
|
less
|
|
|
sternomastoid and trapezius are supplied by what nerve?
|
the accessory nerve
|
|
|
The scalene muscles, levator scapulae and splenius are covered by...
|
prevertebral fascia.
|
|
|
The left subclavian artery is a direct branch of the aorta, but the right subclavian artery is a branch of...
|
the brachiocephalic trunk
|
|
|
Nerves and blood vessels leave the posterior triangle and enter the apex of the axilla through a triangle bounded by the middle of the clavicle, the first rib, and the upper border of the scapula, called the...
|
cervicoaxillary canal
|
|
|
Borders of the Axilla:
|
anterior border: a fold of skin covering the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and subscapularis muscles
lateral border: the bicipital groove of the humerus medial border: the chest wall (ribs 1-4) covered by serratus anterior floor: a sheet of tough fascia that bridges between the anterior and posterior folds |
|
|
A portion of the clavipectoral fascia, the ______ ______, attaches to the fascia of the floor and raises the skin between the anterior and posterior borders into a dome
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
|
Position of the basilic vein
|
superficial in the forearm but becomes the deep vein of the arm accompanying the brachial artery; it continues into the axilla, becoming the axillary vein
|
|
|
receive lymph from the upper limb via channels along the axillary vein
|
Lateral nodes
|
|
|
receive drainage from the thorax - an important site of breast cancer metastasis.
|
Pectoral nodes
|
|
|
Muscles in the axilla are the...
|
coracobrachialis and short head of biceps
They arise from the coracoid process of the scapula and pass from the axilla to the arm. |
|
|
The thoracoacromial artery supplies...
|
pectoral and deltoid muscles. the acromion and clavicle
|
|
|
Arterial anastomoses allowing _____ circulation are common features of limb joints.
|
collateral
|
|
|
Flexion is always performed by flexor muscles on the ______ side of the limb. The opposite motion of extension is always performed by extensor muscles on the _______ side of the limb.
|
anterior; posterior
|
|
|
Nerve roots of the axilla are ventral primary rami of which spinal nerves?
|
C5 through T1
|
|
|
Nerve roots of the axilla combine to form trunks:
|
C5 and C6 combine to form the upper trunk.
C7 continues as the middle trunk, C8 and T1 combine to form the lower trunk. |
|
|
In the Axilla:
The three posterior divisions combine to form the ______ cord. Anterior divisions from the upper and middle trunk combine to form the _____ cord, and the anterior division from the lower trunk forms the _____ cord. |
posterior; lateral; medial
|
|
|
dorsal scapular nerve (C5) supplies....
|
rhomboids and levator scapulae
|
|
|
long thoracic nerve (C5,C6,C7) supplies...
|
serratus anterior
|
|
|
Nerves from upper trunk of axilla:
|
1. nerve to subclavius - a small muscle just below the clavicle.
2. suprascapular nerve - muscles on the superficial surface of the scapula, 3. supraspinatus and infraspinatus. (suprascapular artery to same muscles |
|
|
Nerves from lateral cord of axilla (to anterior muscles and skin):
Lucy Loves Me |
1. lateral pectoral nerve - to pectoralis major.
2. musculocutaneous nerve - to flexor muscles of arm, then lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm 3. lateral contribution to median nerve (anterior in forearm and hand) |
|
|
Nerves from medial cord of axilla (to anterior muscles and skin):
|
1. medial pectoral nerve - to pectoralis minor and major.
2. medial cutaneous nerves of arm and forearm. 3. medial contribution to median nerve (median nerve gets stuff from both median and lateral) 4. ulnar nerve - medial side of forearm and hand |
|
|
Nerves from posterior cord of axilla (to posterior muscles and skin):
|
1. upper and lower subscapular nerves to subscapularis muscle and teres major
2. thoracodorsal nerve to latissimus dorsi 3. radial nerve to posterior extensor muscles of arm and forearm 4. axillary nerve to deltoid and teres minor mnemonic: ULTRA Upper Lower (Subscapular) Thoracodorsal Radial Axillary |
|
|
Nerves in anterior divisions of C5-C6 run primarily in the musculocutaneous nerve and supply more _______ muscles of the arm
|
proximal
|
|
|
Nerves in anterior divisions of C7-C8 run primarily in the median nerve and supply more distal muscles of the...
|
forearm and hand (primarily the thumb)
|
|
|
Nerves in anterior divisions of T1 run primarily in the _____ nerve and supply distal muscles of the forearm and, especially, the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
|
ulnar
|
|
|
Axilla: Damage to C5 and C6 fibers impairs function of...
|
supraspinatus, deltoid, biceps and brachialis.
The condition is Erb's palsy. |
|
|
Axilla: Lower brachial plexus injury (C8 - T1)
|
A "claw hand" results from hyperextension of the fingers at the MP joints.
The condition is called Klumpke's palsy. |
|
|
the glenoid labrum
|
a lip of cartilage that deepens the glenoid fossa of the shoulder joint
|
|
|
coracoacromial ligament
|
Above the glenoid fossa and the head of the humerus, links the coracoid and acromion processes and helps to prevent upward dislocation of the humeral head.
|
|
|
Extensions of the shoulder joint capsule form:
|
1) the subscapular bursa deep to subscapularis
2) a synovial sheath for the biceps tendon. |
|
|
The tendon of the long head of biceps passes within the shoulder joint capsule to attach to the...
|
superior glenoid tubercle
|
|
|
The biceps tendon is held in the bicipital groove by...
|
the transverse humeral ligament
|
|
|
Dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint is called...
|
“shoulder separation”.
Note that this is not a separation of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint itself. |
|
|
The acromioclavicular joint transmits movement of the _____ to the _____
|
scapula; clavicle
|
|
|
most superior of the rotator cuff muscles
|
supraspinatus muscle
|
|
|
the subacromial bursa is separated from the shoulder joint by the...
|
tendon of supraspinatus
the two synovial spaces are not normally continuous with each other. |
|
|
Arteries supplying the shoulder joint:
|
the acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery, arising proximal to the joint
the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries that arise distal to the joint. |
|
|
rotator cuff muscles
|
Muscles acting on the shoulder joint are the primary stabilizers of the joint.
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis. SITS |
|
|
The long head of the triceps passes between these two muscles, creating the quadrangular and two triangular spaces
|
teres minor and teres major
|
|
|
The quadrangular space allows passage of...
|
axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery
|
|
|
The triangular space between the long head of triceps and the humerus allows passage of...
|
the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
|
|
|
Hilton’s Law
|
nerves supplying a joint are branches of nerves supplying muscles that act on the joint.
|
|
|
nerves that supply the shoulder joint are branches of the...
|
suprascapular, axillary, and lateral pectoral nerves
|
|
|
trapezius and serrratus anterior muscles are supplied by what nerves?
|
the spinal accessory and long thoracic nerves
|
|
|
The joint between humerus (trochlea) and ulna (trochlear notch) is a hinge joint allowing...
|
only flexion-extension.
|
|
|
In the superior (proximal) radioulnar joint, the head of the radius lies within a ring composed of the...
|
anular ligament and the radial notch of ulna.
This is a pivot joint allowing rotation of the radius required for supination and pronation of the forearm and hand. |
|
|
Pronation is performed by what muscles of the forearm?
|
pronator teres and pronator quadratus
|
|
|
These ligaments of the elbow joint prevent abduction-adduction of the forearm at the elbow.
|
Collateral ligaments
|
|
|
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm are supplied by the _____ nerve
|
radial
|
|
|
Muscles of anterior compartment of the arm are supplied by the ________ nerve.
|
musculocutaneous
|
|
|
Where to the two heads of the biceps originate?
|
long head: supraglenoid tubercle
short head: the coracoid process. |
|
|
Brachialis muscle:
|
deep to biceps, originates on distal portion of humerus and inserts on tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna. It flexes the elbow joint.
|
|
|
Coracobrachialis muscle:
|
from coracoid process of scapula to humerus. Together with pectoralis major, it draws the arm medially across the chest. An adductor when the arm is abducted.
|
|
|
Where do the 3 heads of the triceps originate?
|
Long head originates at infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; it is an extensor of the shoulder.
Lateral and medial heads arise lat. and med. to the radial groove; these don’t act on the shoulder joint |
|
|
Anconeus
|
a small muscle extending from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna; an offshoot of the triceps, and also an extensor of the elbow joint.
|
|
|
Cubital fossa
|
a triangular region anterior to, and distal to, the elbow joint. Bounded by pronator teres medially and brachioradialis laterally, and a line across the epicondyles of the humerus. It is important because of the locations of nerves and blood vessels.
|
|
|
median cubital vein connects...
|
The Cephalic vein and Basilic vein
|
|
|
The bicipital aponeurosis protects...
|
the median nerve and brachial artery, which run between the aponeurosis and the brachialis muscle
|
|
|
The deep branch of the radial nerve runs through the supinator muscle in the floor of the cubital fossa, and becomes the...
|
posterior interosseous nerve
|
|
|
pronator teres and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles are supplied by what nerve?
|
median nerve
|
|
|
4 muscles of the most superficial layer of Anterior compartment of the forearm
|
1. pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis 3. palmaris longus 4. flexor carpi ulnaris. All originate from a common flexor origin on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. |
|
|
Acting together, these two muscles flex the wrist joint.
|
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris |
|
|
Flexor carpi ulnaris is supplied by what nerve?
|
ulnar nerve. Other muscles in this layer supplied by the median nerve.
|
|
|
Ulnar nerve supplies 1 1/2 muscles in the forearm and...
|
1 1/2 digits in the hand (digits 4-5)
|
|
|
flexor digitorum superficialis attaches to the middle phalanx of digits 2-5 and flexes the...
|
proximal interphalangeal joints
|
|
|
Flexor digitorum profundus (medial) from ulna and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx and flexes...
|
distal interphalangeal joint of digits 2-5.
Ulnar 1/2 of this muscle ( digits 4-5) supplied by the ulnar nerve |
|
|
flexes the interphalangeal joint of the thumb
|
Flexor pollicis longus
|
|
|
pronator quadratus is supplied by what nerve?
|
the anterior interosseus nerve.
|
|
|
When elbow is greatly flexed, _________ pulls the radius toward the humerus, stabilizing the elbow joint.
|
brachioradialis
|
|
|
Brachioradialis is supplied by what nerve?
|
radial nerve
|
|
|
2 wrist extensors on the radial side:
|
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis.
Longus is superficial to brevis and is supplied by the radial nerve before the radial nerve divides into its superficial and deep branches. |
|
|
Extensor digitorum
|
attached to the extensor expansion of digits 2-5 and extends these digits
|
|
|
Extensor digiti minimi
|
inserts on the extensor expansion of the little finger and is an additional extensor for this finger
|
|
|
Extensor carpi ulnaris
|
attached to the base of the 5th metacarpal and extends wrist on ulnar side.
|
|
|
The radial extensors and flexors ____ the hand at the wrist, while the ulnar carpal extensor and flexor ____ the hand at the wrist
|
abduct; adduct
|
|
|
Extensor pollicis longus
|
attaches to the distal phalanx and extends the IP joint of the thumb
|
|
|
Extensor pollicis brevis
|
attaches to the proximal phalanx and extends the MP joint
|
|
|
Abductor pollicis longus
|
attaches to base of 1st metacarpal. It abducts thumb from plane of palm.
|
|
|
From lateral to medial, the bones of the wrist are:
|
proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate “Some Lovers Try Positions They Totally Can’t Handle” |
|
|
Abduction and adduction of the wrist primarily occur at what joint?
|
mid-carpal joint
|
|
|
Cutaneous innervation of the hand:
|
Medial 1 1/2 digits, both dorsal and palmar, is by branches of the ulnar nerve
Palmar surface of the lateral 3 1/2 digits is by branches of the median nerve Remaining dorsal surface and palmar base of thumb is by the superficial branch of the radial nerve |
|
|
Palmar aponeurosis:
|
attachment for the tendon of palmaris longus.
|
|
|
flexor retinaculum
|
a band of fibrous connective tissue that bridges over the palmar surface of the wrist and prevents the flexor tendons from pulling away from the wrist during flexion
attached laterally to tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium bones and medially to the pisiform and hook of the hamate |
|
|
The carpal tunnel, through which the median nerve passes, is formed by what structures?
|
The retinaculum and the carpal bones
|
|
|
The thenar eminence
|
a “bulge” containing muscles of the thumb
|
|
|
attached to the 1st metacarpal. It rotates the thumb ca. 90° during opposition.
|
opponens pollicis
|
|
|
abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis are innervated by...
|
recurrent branch of the median nerve
|
|
|
The hypothenar eminenc
|
a bulge containing muscles of the little finger
|
|
|
opponens digiti minimi
|
attached to the 5th metacarpal. It rotates the little finger for opposition to the thumb.
|
|
|
Muscles of the hypothenar eminence are supplied by what nerve?
|
the deep branch of the ulnar nerve
|
|
|
Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis are split to allow passage of tendons of...
|
flexor digitorum profundus
|
|
|
“trigger finger”
|
A swelling on a flexor tendon may be pulled out of the fibrous sheath, then snapped back in during forced extension.
|
|
|
lumbrical muscles are attached to tendons of ______ ______ ______ and to the extensor expansion on the radial side of the finger
|
flexor digitorum profundus
|
|
|
palmar and dorsal interossei muscles
|
located between the metacarpals and control the metacarpo-phalangeal joints.
Palmar interossei adduct the fingers PAD. there are 3 of these, for the 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits. Dorsal interossei (4 of them, for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits) abduct the fingers (DAB) from the same line. |
|
|
Damage to the median nerve in the forearm interferes with...
|
opposing the thumb (controlled by muscles of the thenar eminence) and causes sensory deficits in the thumb, index and middle fingers, those used for the precision grip.
|
|
|
Damage to the ulnar nerve causes...
|
“claw hand”, due to inability to flex the MP joints using the interossei. This results in hyperextension of the MP joints.
|
|
|
the basic function of the placenta
|
1. Removal of waste and carbon dioxide from fetal blood.
2. The oxygenation of the blood and the addition of nutrients and antibodies to the fetal blood. |
|
|
Umbilical Vein
|
One umbilical vein carries blood from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical cord.
This blood is about 80% saturated with oxygen (the highest found in the fetus). Blood from the umbilical vein travels towards the liver but the majority bypasses the liver by passing through the ductus venosus. The ductus venosus leads directly to the inferior vena cava. |
|
|
ductus arteriosus
|
passes blood from the left pulmonary artery into the aortic arch, thus allowing blood to bypass the lungs
|
|
|
Umbilical Arteries
|
Both internal iliac arteries give off umbilical arteries.
The right and left umbilical arteries (about 58% saturated with oxygen) carry a large quantity of blood to the placenta via the umbilical cord. |
|
|
ligamentum teres
|
remnants of the umbilical vein
|
|
|
What is the function of the ductus venosus?
|
Ductus venosus carries the blood from the umbilical vein directly into the inferior vena cava bypassing the liver.
|
|
|
Regarding fetal circulation, what vessels bring deoxygenated blood to the placenta?
|
umbilical arteries
|
|
|
To remember what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both use this ( In order from CN I to CN XII):
|
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most
|
|
|
Brachial plexus subunits
|
Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches
"Real Texans Drink Coors Beer". |
|
|
Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial)
|
My Aunt Raped My Uncle
Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar |
|
|
Medial Cord Branches
|
Medial pectoral
Medial cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm Ulnar Medial root of the median nerve Medical Men Use Morphine |
|
|
Lateral Cord Branches
|
Lateral pectoral, Lateral root of the median nerve, Musculocutaneous
Lucy Loves Me |
|
|
Radial n. innervates the BEST
|
Brachioradialis
Extensors Supinator Triceps |
